Herps of Texas

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Documentation

Frogs

Wed, 27 Apr 2016 00:00:00 +0000

Lizards

Wed, 27 Apr 2016 00:00:00 +0000

Snakes

Wed, 27 Apr 2016 00:00:00 +0000

Turtles

Wed, 27 Apr 2016 00:00:00 +0000

Acris blanchardi

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Acris blanchardi

Common Name. Blanchard’s Cricket Frog

General information. Acris blanchardi is diurnal and active all year. This species can be seen basking in the sunlight, but when threatened, it will jump quickly away or into the water.

Protected status. Blanchard’s Cricket Frog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Small frog with long snout Short hind legs with webbed toes.

Coloration. Dark bars on hind limbs Characteristic backward-pointing pigmented triangle on top of head Three subspecies in Texas, differentiated by dorsal coloration and shape of snout.

General distribution. In North America, Acris blanchardi has a broad range extending through most of the southern and midwestern U. S.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Acris blanchardi is found throughout most of the state, except the western Panhandle and extreme western Trans-Pecos.

Habitat. Acris blanchardi prefers shallow ponds with vegetation and full sun or shallow gravel-lined creeks. Near the Gulf Coast, A. crepitans can be found in shallow pools of brackish water in close proximity to the sea.

Reproduction. Breeding in Acris blanchardi occurs over an extended period, lasting from February through late summer.

Size. One of the smaller frog species in Texas, adult Acris blanchardi grow to 1.25-3.5 cm (0.5-1.5 in) in length.

Calls.

Map. Orange counties indicate new county records since previous Herps of Texas update in 1998; all other colored counties reflect known distribution prior to 1998 for species and/or subspecies. Map is based on museum voucher specimens.

Agkistrodon contortrix

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Agkistrodon contortrix

Common Name. Copperhead

General information. Copperheads are venomous, and are therefore highly dangerous if approached or handled. They are not generally aggressive and will most likely flee any confrontation if given a chance to retreat. Called copperheads because of their distinctly colored heads, the subspecies of A. contortrix make use of their colorations by living in partly shaded habitats. Hiding in leaf piles beneath trees, or alongside logs and stones in wooded forests, the copperhead is able to elude predators because of its camouflage. This cryptic behavior also allows copperheads to strike out at unsuspecting prey. The light grey or olive colored tail of the copperhead is used to lure prey to within striking distance. Prey includes rodents, birds, lizards, frogs and other amphibian species. Being nocturnal during the hotter summer months, A. contortrix is active during the day only during the cooler spring and fall months.

Protected status. The Copperhead is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Undivided anal scale Dorsal scales keeled, in rows of 21-25 near midbody Distinctions between the three subspecies are based on color variations, yet some of these variations have been shown to be variable over the range of a single subspecies

Coloration. Contrasting red (copper) or brown crossbands on a light tan background.

General distribution. In the United States, populations of Agkistrodon contortrix are found from Texas and Oklahoma in the southwest, Iowa to the northwest, New York and Massachusetts to the northeast, and Florida to the southeast. A few peripheral populations of A. contortrix are found in extreme northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. Agkistrodon contortrix is found throughout most of the state, save the Panhandle and the extreme western Texas counties (El Paso, Hudspeth, Culberson).

Habitat. The Copperhead is a colorful and frequently seen snake found throughout much of the eastern half of Texas. The habitats of Copperheads do not generally include standing or running water, in fact, A. c. pictogaster can be found in relatively dry desert canyons in west Texas.

Reproduction. Copperheads may breed in April and May, giving birth to as many as eight live young in August and September, with the young snakes measuring 18-25.5 cm (7-10 in). There is also evidence that copperheads may only give birth to young every other year.

Size. Adult copperheads measure between 51-91.5 cm (20-36 in); record length is 132 cm (52 in) in A. c. contortrix.

Agkistrodon piscivorus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Agkistrodon piscivorus

Common Name. Cottonmouth

General information. Cottonmouths are venomous, and are therefore highly dangerous if approached or handled. They are not generally aggressive and will most likely flee any confrontation if given a chance to retreat. Cottonmouths are dark, faintly patterned snakes, best known for their defensive posture with a gaping, white lined mouth. The specific epithet piscivorus describes the one of the prey species of the cottonmouth fairly accurately: fish. The cottonmouth is also fond of frogs, mammals and other snakes. Although it may be commonly seen in lakes and ponds, areas frequented by humans, few human fatalities are recorded as a result of bites by cottonmouths.

Protected status. The Cottonmouth is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Undivided anal scale Dorsal scales keeled, in rows of 25 near midbody Named a “cottonmouth” because of the white inner lining of the gaping snake’s mouth

Coloration. Dark brown or grey background color with a black or brown belly Uniformly colored black crossbands generally present, but they may not be very distinct against the dark background, with some individual snakes appearing not to have any vestiges of crossbands.

General distribution. In the United States, the three subspecies of Agkistrodon piscivorus are found from central Texas, north to Missouri, east to the Virginias and south to Florida. There are no populations of cottonmouths found in Mexico.

Texas distribution. Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma, the only subspecies found in Texas, ranges from central Texas, including portions of the Edwards Plateau, to the eastern piney woods and south to the Gulf Coast.

Habitat. The Cottonmouth is extremely aquatic and is most at home near or in the water. Its cousin the Copperhead is frequently found away from actual water and can be seen deep in woodland habitats.

Reproduction. The neonates are live-born, emerging from their mothers in late summer and early fall. The number per litter averages five snakes, with the snakes measuring 15-28 cm (6-11 in). Juvenile cottonmouths often look drastically different than their parents, as they may have a distinct pattern of black crossbands over a tan or grey background. These juveniles also have a bright yellow tail, used in luring small prey within striking distance, which is lost as the snakes mature.

Size. In Texas, adult cottonmouths measure between 76-105.5 cm (30-42 in); record length is 152 cm (60 in).

Alligator mississippiensis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Alligator mississippiensis

Common Name. American Alligator

General information. Semiaquatic, this crocodilian basks on land near water. It swims with just its eyes and nostrils above water. During colder months, it hibernates in burrows dug in the mudbanks. It feeds on anything in its habitat, including crustaceans, fish, snakes, waterfowl, lizards, and small mammals. It can drown larger prey by holding and twisting it under water.

Protected status. The American Alligator was formerly listed as an endangered species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, but was delisted in 1985. The alligator is classified now as a protected game animal in Texas and can not be hunted or collected without a special permit from Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.

Diagnostic features. Largest reptile in North America Large head, with a rounded snout, long jaws, and protruding eyes and nostrils. \nSeveral rows of dorsal scales on body are strongly keeled, but ventral scales are soft and rectangular. Tail has two rows of keeled scales that converge to form one strong keel at the midpoint of the tail. Strong, stout legs; front feet with 5 fingers and webbed hind feet with 4 toes.

Coloration. Adults are dark, appearing almost black Juveniles have yellowish crossbands that generally fade with age.

General distribution. In North America, the American Alligator is found in the southern coastal states, from North Carolina to Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Alligator mississippiensisis found in the eastern third of the state in addition to the southern third of the state.

Habitat. The American Alligator can be found in a variety of freshwater habitats, including swamps, lakes, and bayous. It also occurs in the brackish waters of coastal marshes.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs in April and May, after hibernation. The female lays up to 60 hard-shell eggs in a large nest of mud and leaves and remains with the young for about one year.

Size. Adults range in size from 2-5 meters (6-16 feet); record length 5.5 meters (19 feet).

Ambystoma maculatum

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Ambystoma maculatum

Common Name. Spotted Salamander

General information. Ambystoma maculatum is rarely seen above ground. Many individuals can be seen congregating at one pond during breeding time.

Protected status. The Spotted Salamander is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Large and stout salamander with a long, broad head. Tail slightly shorter than body length. Four toes on forelimbs, and five on hind limbs Twelve costal grooves

Coloration. Black or slate-colored ground color with orange or yellow spots in irregular rows down each side of body from head to tip of tail Gray ventral surface.

General distribution. In North America, Ambystoma maculatum has a broad range from Nova Scotia to south-central Ontario, south to Georgia and Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Ambystoma maculatum is found in the northern and central parts of east Texas.

Habitat. Ambystoma maculatum prefers moist environments and may be seen under boards or fallen logs, near permanent and temporary ponds.

Reproduction. Breeding in Ambystoma maculatum occurs in early spring with warm rains. Internal fertilization occurs and one or more egg mass is laid and attached to submerged vegetation.

Size. As an adult, Ambystoma maculatum can reach a total length of 15-25 cm (6-10 in).

Ambystoma mavortium

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Ambystoma mavortium

Common Name. Western Tiger Salamander

General information. Ambystoma mavortium is primarily nocturnal, feeding on terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate (and small vertebrate) prey as adults. Usually in loose or sandy soil that permits burrowing.

Protected status. The Western Tiger Salamander is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Large salamander with broad flat head and small eyes. Four toes on front feet, and five on hind feet; hind feet have digging tubercles. Tail is long and flattened at tip Eleven to fourteen costal grooves.

Coloration. Black bars and spots larger and fewer than Ambystoma tigrinum

General distribution. In North America, Ambystoma mavortium is across many of the western US states, though isolated populations occur in states along the Pacific Coast. Also found in southern Canada.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Ambystoma mavortium is found across the Panhandle and portions of southern and western portions of the state.

Habitat. Ambystoma mavortium is usually found adjacent to quiet bodies of water, some of which may be ephemeral ponds or playas.

Reproduction. Breeding takes place from January to May in either permanent or ephemeral bodies of water, rarely streams.

Size. As an adult, Ambystoma mavortium can reach between 18-35 cm (7-14 in) in total length.

Ambystoma opacum

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Ambystoma opacum

Common Name. Marbled Salamander

General information. Ambystoma opacum is rarely seen in water, but remains near it in moist areas.

Protected status. The Marbled Salamander is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Large and stout salamander with a short, broad head Tail shorter than body length. Four toes on forelimbs, and five on hind limbs. Eleven or twelve costal grooves.

Coloration. Dark gray or black dorsal and ventral surfaces. Silver or white “crossbars” mark the dorsum, sometimes fusing with spots.

General distribution. In North America, Ambystoma opacum is found from New England to Florida and Illinois to Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Ambystoma opacum is found in east Texas from the Red River to the Gulf of Mexico.

Habitat. Ambystoma opacum prefers drier environments than many salamander species, but it remains near water and is commonly seen in wooded areas.

Reproduction. Breeding in Ambystoma opacum occurs throughout the fall. Females lay 50-200 eggs on land and guard them until rainwater comes, triggering hatching.

Size. Ambystoma opacum grows to a total length of 7.5-12.5 cm (3-5 in) as an adult.

Ambystoma talpoideum

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Ambystoma talpoideum

Common Name. Mole Salamander

General information. Ambystoma talpoideum burrows in loose soil and remains underground except during breeding season.

Protected status. The Mole Salamander is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Large head and relatively short tail Four toes on forelimbs, and five on hind limbs Ten or eleven costal grooves

Coloration. Dorsal color is black, brown, or gray with scattered bluish-white flecks. Gray ventral surface.

General distribution. In North America, Ambystoma talpoideum is found from South Carolina to Florida, west to Texas and Oklahoma.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Ambystoma talpoideum is found in two populations in east Texas: one along the Red River and the other along the Texas/Louisiana border.

Habitat. Ambystoma talpoideum can be seen in lowland, moist, wooded areas with soil suitable for burrowing, in mammal burrows, or under logs.

Reproduction. Breeding in Ambystoma talpoideum occurs from December to February after cold rains. Females lay up to 400 eggs in small masses in shallow pools.

Size. Ambystoma talpoideum reach an adult total length between 8-12 cm (3.2-5 in).

Ambystoma texanum

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Ambystoma texanum

Common Name. Small-mouthed Salamander

General information. Nocturnal, Ambystoma texanum remains underground or under cover during the day. Several may congregate near ponds during breeding times. If threatened, Ambystoma texanum may wave its tail from side to side.

Protected status. The Small-mouthed Salamander is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Small head and mouth with a large body and long tail Four toes on front feet, and five on hind feet. Fourteen or fifteen costal grooves.

Coloration. Dorsal color black or very dark brown with light-colored flecks on dorsum and sides.

General distribution. In the United States, Ambystoma texanum is found in the U.S. from the Great Lakes south and east to Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Ambystoma texanum is found throughout the wetter portions of the east and east-central sections of the state.

Habitat. Preferring moist environments, Ambystoma texanum may be seen in riverbottoms, under debris near ponds and swamps, or on cultivated farmland near water.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs in Ambystoma texanum from January to April. Females lay up to 700 eggs and attach them singly or in small masses to submerged vegetation and rocks.

Size. Adult Ambystoma texanum reach 11-19 cm (4.5-7.6 in) in total length.

Ambystoma tigrinum

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Ambystoma tigrinum

Common Name. Eastern Tiger Salamander

General information. Nocturnal, Ambystoma tigrinum remains underground or under cover near water during the day. Ambystoma tigrinum feeds on earthworms, insects, and small vertebrates. Several may congregate near ponds during breeding times.

Protected status. The Eastern Tiger Salamander is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Coloration. With a greater number of thinner and lighter yellow bars and spots on a black background than Ambystoma mavortium, almost with a reticulate pattern.

General distribution. In North America, the range of Ambystoma tigrinum is broken and scattered across the U. S., from the East Coast to Minnesota down to the Gulf Coast, through the Plains States to Nebraska and Texas.

Texas distribution. Ambystoma tigrinum is found in the northeast corner of Texas.

Habitat. Ambystoma tigrinum can be found in moist environments or near water, wooded areas with loose soil, in cultivated lands near water, and in mammal or crawfish burrows.

Reproduction. Breeding in Ambystoma tigrinum typically occurs after late winter rains, but may occur anytime with sufficient rain. Eggs are attached to submerged vegetation and rocks singly or in masses.

Size. As an adult, Ambystoma tigrinum can reach between 18–33 cm (7–13 in) in total length.

Amphiuma tridactylum

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Amphiuma tridactylum

Common Name. Three-toed Amphiuma

General information. Nocturnal and rarely seen out of water, Amphiuma tridactylum feeds on earthworms, crawfish, and small invertebrates and will hibernate in cold weather.

Protected status. The Three-toed Amphiuma is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Eel-like salamander with long body and relatively short tail. Small, lidless eyes Four reduced limbs, each with three toes. External gills in larval stage, single gill slits as adults. Fifty-seven to 60 costal grooves.

Coloration. Dark brown with a dark patch on throat Gray ventral surface.

General distribution. In the United States, the range of Amphiuma tridactylum begins from a point in southeast Missouri and spreads southward to the Gulf of Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Amphiuma tridactylum is found only in east Texas.

Habitat. Strictly aquatic, Amphiuma tridactylum can be found in the muddy waters of ponds, ditches, and lakes.

Reproduction. Breeding in Amphiuma tridactylum occurs from December to June. Internal fertilization occurs. Females lay 150-200 eggs in a strand that then sinks into the mud.

Size. Adult Amphiuma tridactylum can measure between 46-106 cm (18-42 in) in total length.

Anolis carolinensis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Anolis carolinensis

Common Name. Green Anole

General information. Anolis carolinensis is a diurnal lizard with a small territory, but this territory is aggressively defended. If an intruder approaches, the male will compress its body, extend the dewlap, and bob its head. Male green anoles will engage in combat with other males or chase them away. Color changes are brought on by temperature and light. Anoles feed on various insects and spiders. This lizard also sheds its skin several times a year.

Protected status. The Green Anole is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Small lizard with long claws and a long tail Light colored throat and neck

Coloration. This lizard possesses the ability to change colors: dorsal ground color ranges from bright green to dark brown. Dorsal pattern may consist of an irregular brown or white middorsal stripe. Males with pink dewlap; females with pale pink throat.

General distribution. In North America, Anolis carolinensis is found from North Carolina to the Florida Keys to Oklahoma and Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Anolis carolinensis is found across much of central and eastern Texas as well as in portions of the lower Rio Grande Valley.

Habitat. Anolis carolinensis is an arboreal lizard mostly seen in trees, shrubs, vines, as well as on fences and buildings.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs for several months beginning in late spring. Males employ head bobbing and dewlap extension in courtship. A single, small, softshell egg is laid among leaf litter.

Size. Anolis carolinensis can grow to lengths of 12.5-20 cm (5-8 in), including tail.

Anolis sagrei

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Anolis sagrei

Common Name. Brown Anole

General information. This diurnal lizard has a small territory, but will aggressively defend it. If an intruder approaches, the male will compress its body, extend the dewlap, and bob its head. Anolis sagrei is a terrestrial species, but is adept at climbing, enabling this species to feed on insects and spiders in a variety of habitats. It can hop to avoid being captured. This lizard species also sheds its skin several times a year.

Protected status. The Brown Anole is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. A relatively small lizard with a short snout, long claws and a long tail

Coloration. Dorsal ground color is light brown Dorsal pattern consists of dark blotches on either side of a light middorsal stripe Males have light colored streak on throat when dewlap is NOT extended Males have orange-red dewlap with light center stripe.

General distribution. In North America, Anolis sagrei is found in Florida and isolated population exist in Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Anolis sagrei is found in the Houston and San Antonio areas, as well as the Rio Grande Valley and the Texas Gulf Coast,and may continue to be found in new regions around the southern portion of the state.

Habitat. Anolis sagrei is mostly seen in trees, shrubs, vines, and on fences in moist environments.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs for several months beginning in late spring. A single, small, softshell egg is laid about every two weeks until September. Incubation is

Size. Anolis sagrei can grow to 12.5-20 cm (5-8 in) in length (including tail), with males typically growing larger than females.

Map. Map is based on museum voucher specimens. Last updated 12 November 2014.

Apalone mutica

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Apalone mutica

Common Name. Smooth Softshell

General information. The Smooth Softshell is primarily insectivorous, but vegetation, invertebrates, and small vertebrates (primarily fish) are also important in their diet. A diurnal species, the smooth softshell will bask both above water on the bank, logs, or rocks, or it may bask under water in the shallows near beaches.

Protected status. The Smooth Softshell is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Carapace leathery, flat, and smooth, without spines, bumps or small dorsal projections Unhinged plastron. Tubular snout with nostrils lacking septal ridge. Webbed feet. Males with noticeably longer tails than females.

Coloration. Carapace olive-gray or brown Carapace of males and juveniles with little mottling of dark pigment; females carapace may be strongly mottled with shades of olive, gray, and brown. Plastron (without pigment) typically lighter than carapace in juveniles. Skin of head, neck, limbs, and tail olive-gray or brown dorsally and cream to gray ventrally. Black-bordered light line extends through the eye, from head to neck. Dark pigment absent on forelimbs.

General distribution. In North America, Apalone mutica is restricted to river drainages feeding into the Mississippi River as well as populations further west in Texas and New Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the single subspecies of Apalone mutica, A. m. mutica, is known from populations scattered across portions of the Panhandle, central Texas, the Red River Valley, and east Texas.

Habitat. The Smooth Softshell is usually found in rivers and streams, particularly those with sandy bottoms, but it can also be found in lakes and man-made impoundments.

Reproduction. Nesting occurs May through July. Females deposit as many as 33 eggs into the nest (typically 11-22 eggs/clutch) that is located high on a sand bar exposed to full sun. Incubation is 65-80 days.

Size. Adult male Apalone mutica reach carapace lengths of 18 cm (7 in); adult females can reach lengths of 35.5 cm (14 in).

Apalone spinifera

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Apalone spinifera

Common Name. Spiny Softshell

General information. A diurnal turtle, the Spiny Softshell spends much of its time either feeding, basking (floating) at the surface, or buried in soft shallow substrates. The flat shell allows the turtle to bury itself just under the bottom substrate, leaving only its long neck and head exposed. The long neck allows the turtle to breath at the water’s surface without having to leave its buried location. This softshell turtle is carnivorous feeding predominantly on insects, fish, and crayfish.

Protected status. The Spiny Softshell is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Carapace leathery, flat, and with small spines along anterior edge; carapace also with small sandpaper-like dorsal projections Unhinged plastron. Tubular snout with nostrils possessing septal ridge. Webbed feet. Males with noticeably longer tails than females.

Coloration. Carapace olive-gray or tan Carapace with dark spots or ocelli, with dark marginal line. Plastron yellow or white. Skin of head, neck, limbs, and tail olive-gray or brown dorsally and cream to gray ventrally. Dark spots and streaks on skin. Two black-bordered light lines on head, one through eye, other through angle of jaw.

General distribution. In North America, the distribution of Apalone spinifera is widespread across the central and south portions of the United States including much of the Mississippi River drainage and isolated western populations in Arizona, New Mexico and Montana.

Texas distribution. There are four subspecies of Apalone spinifera found across the state. Apalone s. emoryi is known from populations along the Rio Grande Valley, Apalone s. hartwegi is found in the northern Panhandle, Apalone s. pallidus occupies the largest distribution in Texas, present across north and east Texas, and Apalone s. guadalupensis is found from central Texas to the Gulf Coast.

Habitat. The Spiny Softshell is at home in rivers, as well as lakes, oxbows, bayous, and man-made impoundments with muddy or soft bottoms.

Reproduction. Nesting takes place May to August, with females capable of laying two egg clutches per season. Clutch size averages 12-18 eggs. Incubation is 70-85 days.

Size. Adult male Apalone spinifera reach carapace lengths of 21.5 cm (8.5 in); adult females can reach lengths of 54.5 cm (22 in).

Map. Colored counties reflect known distribution for species and/or subspecies; map is based on museum voucher specimens.

Arizona elegans

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Arizona elegans

Common Name. Glossy Snake

General information. Glossy snakes are non-venomous and but like many snakes, they may bite if provoked. Their countersunk lower jaw enables them to burrow into loose soil quickly. They are nocturnal, feeding on small mammals, lizards, and other snakes during evening while remaining in underground burrows during the day. Glossy snakes may often be encountered on roads at night during April - September.

Protected status. The Glossy Snake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Undivided anal scale Smooth dorsal scales Faintly elliptical pupils

Coloration. Background color of cream to light tan A series of brown blotches along the middle of the back A pale longitudinal line behind the head along the spine The number of blotches is a character used to discriminate between the three different subspecies.

General distribution. In the United States, Arizona elegans is found in Arizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas; Arizona elegans can also be found in much of the northern half of Mexico.

Texas distribution. Arizona elegans is found primarily across the western three-fourths of the state, but there are some scattered records in the eastern counties.

Habitat. Glossy snakes are commonly associated with sandy soils found in a variety of different habitats: creosote flats, grasslands, and sagebrush plains.

Reproduction. Breeding typically occurs in early summer, with as many as 23 eggs (range 3-23) laid in late summer. Young hatch in September or October, they generally range from 22-28 cm (9-11 in) in length.

Size. Glossy snakes can reach lengths of 40-142 cm (16-56 in); record 141 cm (55.5 in)

Map. Colored counties reflect subspecies. Map is based on museum voucher specimens; last updated 12 November 2014.

Aspidoscelis dixoni

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Aspidoscelis dixoni

Common Name. Gray Checkered Whiptail

General information. This diurnal lizard actively forages for insects under low shrubs. Aspidoscelis dixoni is very wary, and quickly retreats to a nearby burrow if threatened.

Protected status. The Gray Checkered Whiptail is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slender lizard with small, granular dorsal scales Belly with 8 rows of large, rectangular scales

Coloration. Dorsal ground color is black. Dorsal pattern consists of 10-12 light stripes and a sprinkling of light colored scales, giving a checkered effect Tail at base and hips with rusty red coloration Ventral surface is white and unmarked.

General distribution. In North America, Aspidoscelis dixoni is restricted to two small populations, one in New Mexico and the other in Texas.

Texas distribution. Aspidoscelis dixoni is only found in a small part of Presidio County in the Big Bend region of Texas.

Habitat. This lizard can be seen in gravelly areas such as dry riverbeds and floodplains with sparse vegetation.

Reproduction. No males of Aspidoscelis dixoni exist, the species is entirely comprised of females. Reproduction occurs through parthenogenesis. Unfertilized eggs are laid in midsummer. Hatchlings appear six weeks later.

Size. Adult Aspidoscelis dixoni can grow to a total length 20-31 cm (8-12.5 in).

Aspidoscelis exsanguis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Aspidoscelis exsanguis

Common Name. Chihuahuan Spotted Whiptail

General information. This diurnal lizard actively forages for insects in leaf litter and debris. Aspidoscelis exsanguis is seen in the open, but remains near protective cover.

Protected status. The Chihuahuan Spotted Whiptail is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slender lizard. Narrow head Small, granular dorsal scales with enlarged scales on back of forelimbs and on front edge of throat fold Belly with 8 rows of large, rectangular scales. Comparatively long tail, about 3 times the head-body length

Coloration. Dorsal ground color is brown or red-brown. Dorsal pattern consists of 6 light stripes that run from the head to the hips. The stripes are pale yellow to beige with light colored spots occurring on and between the stripes Ventral surface is white or pale blue Tail is grayish blue to green.

General distribution. In North America, Aspidoscelis exsanguis is seen in the Chihuahuan Desert of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Aspidoscelis exsanguis is found across the western half of the Trans-Pecos region.

Habitat. This upland lizard can be seen in a variety of habitats ranging from desert grasslands to rocky slopes to canyon bottoms, or similar areas subject to periodic flooding.

Reproduction. This species is made up of all females; there are no males of Aspidoscelis exsanguis. Reproduction occurs through parthenogenesis. One to six unfertilized eggs are laid in mid- to late summer. Hatchlings appear six weeks later.

Size. Adult Aspidoscelis exsanguis grow to 24-31 cm (9.5-12.5 in) in total length.

Aspidoscelis gularis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Aspidoscelis gularis

Common Name. Common Spotted Whiptail

General information. This diurnal lizard actively forages for termites, caterpillars, and large insects in sand and debris. Aspidoscelis gularis will run if threatened, but generally it is not as wary as other whiptails.

Protected status. The Common Spotted Whiptail not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slender lizard with comparatively long tail, about 3 times the head-body length Small, granular dorsal scales with enlarged scales on back of forelimbs and along front edge of throat Belly with 8 rows of large, rectangular scales.

Coloration. Dorsal ground color is brown or green-brown. Dorsal pattern consists of 7 light stripes that run from the head to the hips with the broad middorsal stripe split into two lines in some specimens; light colored spots occur on the sides between the stripes. Tail is pink to orange Adults with sexually dimorphic coloration: males with red throat, blue belly, and black or blue coloration on chest; females with pink throat and white, unmarked belly.

General distribution. In North America, Aspidoscelis gularis has a broad range throughout most of Texas, parts of Oklahoma and New Mexico, and into northeastern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Aspidoscelis gularis is found throughout much of the state except extreme west, north, and east Texas.

Habitat. Aspidoscelis gularis can be seen in a variety of habitats ranging from rocky slopes near floodplains to prairies to canyons and is almost always near a watercourse.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs in the spring and eggs are laid in May and June. Females lay 1-5 eggs. A second clutch may be laid in late July. Hatchlings have pink or red tails and hips.

Size. Maximum total length in Aspidoscelis gularis ranges from 16-28 cm (6.5-11 in).

Aspidoscelis inornata

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Aspidoscelis inornata

Common Name. Little Striped Whiptail

General information. This diurnal lizard forages for large insects and spiders. Aspidoscelis inornata is wary of being approached, and will hide under vegetation or in a burrow if threatened.

Protected status. The Little Striped Whiptail is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slender lizard with a comparatively long tail, about 3 times the head-body length Small, granular dorsal scales with enlarged scales on back of forelimbs and along the front edge of throat fold Belly with 8 rows of large, rectangular scales

Coloration. Dorsal ground color dark gray or black. Dorsal pattern consists of 6-8 light stripes that run from the head onto the tail; no spots occur between the stripes. Blue coloration on sides of head Ventral surface blue, though adult males have much deeper blue on ventral surface than females.

General distribution. In North America, Aspidoscelis inornata is found in west Texas and adjacent Mexico and New Mexico.

Texas distribution. A single subspecies of Aspidoscelis inornata, A. i. heptagramma, is found in Texas, present throughout the western portion of the state.

Habitat. Aspidoscelis inornata can be seen rocky slopes or grassy flatlands in arid and semi-arid environments. It is sometimes seen in sandy soil environments.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs in the spring and eggs are laid from May to July. Females lay 2-4 eggs. Hatchlings have a pale blue venter.

Size. Adult Aspidoscelis inornata grow to 11-24 cm (6.5-9.5 in).

Aspidoscelis laredoensis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Aspidoscelis laredoensis

Common Name. Laredo Striped Whiptail

General information. This diurnal lizard forages for insects among vegetation clumps and leaf litter.

Protected status. The Laredo Striped Whiptail is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slender lizard Small, granular dorsal scales with enlarged scales on back of forelimbs. Belly with 8 rows of large, rectangular scales

Coloration. Dorsal ground color dark green or dark brown. Dorsal pattern consists of 7 light stripes that run from the head onto the tail; light spots may occur between the stripes. The middorsal stripe is narrow and may not be continuous. Ventral surface white Tail greenish brown with light tan underside.

General distribution. In North America, Aspidoscelis laredoensis has a small and narrow range in the lower Rio Grande Valley.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Aspidoscelis laredoensis is restricted to the lower Rio Grande Valley from Val Verde County to Cameron County.

Habitat. Aspidoscelis laredoensis is common in disturbed areas with sandy or sandy-loam soil and weedy vegetation. Dirt roadsides, edges of cultivated fields, abandoned lots, and heavily grazed pastures in semi-arid environments are preferred.

Reproduction. Aspidoscelis laredoensis is an all-female species; there are no males in this species. Reproduction occurs through parthenogenesis. One to four unfertilized eggs are laid in midsummer. Hatchlings appear in July and August. Hatchlings have a light, sky-blue tail, but otherwise resemble the adults.

Size. Aspidoscelis laredoensis can grow to a maximum total length of 15- 28 cm(6-11 in).

Aspidoscelis marmorata

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Aspidoscelis marmorata

Common Name. Marbled Whiptail

General information. This diurnal lizard forages for insects, spiders and scorpions among vegetation clumps. This species is also extremely wary and will retreat to protective cover or dart into burrow if approached.

Protected status. The Marbled Whiptail is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slender lizard with a comparatively long tail, almost 3 times the head-body length. Small, granular dorsal scales with enlarged scales in front of throat fold only. Belly with 8 rows of large, rectangular scales

Coloration. Dorsal ground color is gray. Dorsal pattern consists of 4-8 light stripes and a mottling of light and dark spots; there are alternating light and dark bars on the sides of the lizard. Pale peach coloration on throat and chest. Ventral surface white or pale yellow with possible black flecks on chin, throat, and chest Tail gray or greenish gray with black flecks on sides and dark coloration on underside.

General distribution. In North America, Aspidoscelis marmorata has a broad range that includes parts of New Mexico, Texas, and adjacent Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Aspidoscelis marmorata is found in the western part of the state with isolated populations in the Laredo area.

Habitat. Aspidoscelis marmorata prefers sandy areas with little vegetation and open woodlands in arid and semi-arid environments.

Reproduction. Breeding takes place in April and May. Females lay 1-4 eggs in May. A second egg clutch may be laid in July. Hatchlings appear in July and August. Hatchlings with bright blue tail.

Size. Aspidoscelis marmorata can grow to 20-30 cm (8-12 in).

Aspidoscelis neomexicana

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Aspidoscelis neomexicana

Common Name. New Mexico Whiptail

General information. This diurnal lizard forages for insects among vegetation and will retreat to protective cover if approached.

Protected status. The New Mexico Whiptail is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slender lizard with a comparatively long tail, about 3 times the head-body length Small, granular dorsal scales and eight rows of large, rectangular scales on the belly

Coloration. Dorsal ground color is dark brown to black. Dorsal pattern consists of seven pale yellow stripes with the wavy middorsal stripe forked at the head. Light spots occur between the stripes Pale blue or blue-green throat Belly is white or pale blue. Tail gray at base, changing to green, blue, or brown.

General distribution. In North America, Aspidoscelis neomexicana has a small and narrow range in the Rio Grande Valley from Santa Fe, New Mexico to Presidio County, Texas and adjacent Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Aspidoscelis neomexicana is found along the Rio Grande in far west Texas from El Paso County to Presidio County.

Habitat. Aspidoscelis neomexicana prefers sandy areas with little vegetation, but can be seen in grasslands, shrublands, and pinon-juniper wooded uplands. This species also can be seen in disturbed areas, such as along fence rows within its range.

Reproduction. Aspidoscelis neomexicana is an all-female species; there are no males in this species. Reproduction occurs through parthenogenesis. Two to four unfertilized eggs are laid in the summer. Hatchlings appear about two months later. Hatchlings with bright blue tail.

Size. Aspidoscelis neomexicana can reach total lengths of 16-24 cm (6.5-9.5 in) as adults.

Aspidoscelis scalaris

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Aspidoscelis scalaris

Common Name. Plateau Spotted Whiptail

General information. This diurnal lizard forages for insects among vegetation clumps and leaf litter, overturning rocks and sticks with its snout. Its movements are slow and deliberate.

Protected status. The Plateau Spotted Whiptail is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slender lizard with comparatively long tail, almost 3 times the head-body length. Small, granular dorsal scales with enlarged scales in front of throat fold and on back of forelimbs Belly with 8 rows of large, rectangular scales.

Coloration. Dorsal ground color dark green, dark brown, or black. Dorsal pattern consists of 6-7 light stripes that run from the head to the hips; white spots occur between the stripes. Ventral surface white or pale blue. Tail at base and hips are rust colored, then tail turns brown or gray. Species is dimorphic with adult females having an orange throat.

General distribution. In North America, Aspidoscelis scalaris has a small range that includes parts of Texas and Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Aspidoscelis scalaris is found across six counties in the western Trans-Pecos.

Habitat. Aspidoscelis scalaris prefers rocky areas with little vegetation in canyons, desert foothills, or mountains.

Reproduction. Breeding takes place in late spring. Females lay egg clutches in midsummer. Hatchlings with bright blue tail.

Size. Aspidoscelis scalaris reach adult total lengths of 20-31 cm (8-12.5 in).

Aspidoscelis sexlineata

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Aspidoscelis sexlineata

Common Name. Six-lined Racerunner

General information. Aspidoscelis sexlineata are diurnal lizards are especially active in the morning. They forage for insects and are wary of being approached. They quickly retreat under vegetation or rocks if approached. They burrow in the soil in cooler temperatures.

Protected status. The Six-lined Racerunner is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Long, strong hind limbs and a comparatively long tail, over twice the head-body length Small dorsal scales with enlarged scales on front edge of throat fold only; belly with 8 rows of large, rectangular scales

Coloration. The three different subspecies in Texas are differentiated by color and pattern All A. sexlineata adults are sexual dimorphic in color: females with light ventral surface and males with pale blue ventral surface. Male Aspidoscelis sexlineata sexlineata have pale green throats.

General distribution. In North America, the range of Aspidoscelis sexlineata covers the Deep South and the Central Plains.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Aspidoscelis sexlineata cover the eastern three-quarters of the state. Aspidoscelis s. sexlineata has the largest range, encompassing most of the state save the Panhandle and west Texas. Aspidoscelis s. viridis is present in the Panhandle; Aspidoscelis sexlineatus stephenseae is restricted to a narrow band in south Texas.

Habitat. Aspidoscelis sexlineata sexlineata prefers open areas with loose soil. It is also seen near wooded areas, on floodplains, and in rocky outcrops Aspidoscelis sexlineata viridis is seen in open areas such as on river banks and grassy plains. It may also be seen in hilly terrains.

Reproduction. Breeding takes place from April to June. Females lay 1-6 eggs in June or July. A second egg deposition may occur three weeks after the first. The eggs hatch from June to September. Hatchlings with bright blue tail.

Size. Aspidoscelis sexlineata can reach 15-26 cm (6-10.5 in) in total length as an adult.

Aspidoscelis tesselata

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Aspidoscelis tesselata

Common Name. Common Checkered Whiptail

General information. This diurnal lizard forages for insects, scorpions, and spiders. It prefers to live in small, isolated groups.

Protected status. The Common Checkered Whiptail is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slender lizard with a comparatively long tail, about 3 times the head-body length. Small dorsal scales and eight rows of large, rectangular scales on the belly.

Coloration. Dorsal ground color and pattern vary widely; typically, the pattern is black spots or bars arranged in a checkered manner on a light ground color and there may be six light stripes. Forelimbs are light with dark spots and hind limbs are dark with light spots. Ventral surface is light with possible dark flecks on chin and chest Yellow or light brown tail with spots on sides.

General distribution. In North America, Aspidoscelis tesselata has a relatively small range that includes parts of Colorado, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas, and northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Aspidoscelis tesselata is found in the western part of the state, as well as in the western part of the Panhandle.

Habitat. Almost always associated with rocky terrains, the habitat of Aspidoscelis tesselata varies from open plains to canyons to foothills.

Reproduction. Aspidoscelis tesselata is an all-female species. Reproduction occurs through parthenogenesis. Two to eight unfertilized eggs are laid in the summer. Hatchlings appear in August.

Size. Aspidoscelis tesselata is the largest whiptail species found in Texas, growing to adult total lengths of 16-24 cm (6.5-9.5 in).

Aspidoscelis uniparens

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Aspidoscelis uniparens

Common Name. Desert Grassland Whiptail

General information. This diurnal lizard forages for insects, looking beneath leaf litter and rocks for its prey.

Protected status. The Desert Grassland Whiptail is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slender lizard with a comparatively long tail, about 2 1/2 times the head-body length Small dorsal scales with eight rows of large, rectangular scales on the belly Enlarged scales on front edge of throat fold and on back of forelimbs

Coloration. Dorsal ground color is reddish black. Dorsal pattern consists of six light stripes running the length of the body and onto the tail. The stripes on the back are yellow, and those on the sides appear white No spots between the stripes. Ventral surface is light and unmarked Blue coloration possible on chin and neck of adults Olive or blue-green tail.

General distribution. In North America, Aspidoscelis uniparens has a small range that includes parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Aspidoscelis uniparens is found in the far western part of the state in El Paso County.

Habitat. Aspidoscelis uniparens is often observed in arid or semi-arid desert environments with little vegetation; it also may inhabit lower mountainous regions.

Reproduction. Aspidoscelis uniparens is an all-female species. Reproduction occurs through parthenogenesis. One to four unfertilized eggs are laid in the summer. The hatchlings appear almost two months later. Hatchlings with bright blue tail.

Size. Aspidoscelis uniparens reaches adult lengths of 16-24 cm (6.5-9.5 in).

Bogertophis subocularis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Bogertophis subocularis

Common Name. Trans-Pecos Ratsnake

General information. Trans-Pecos Ratsnakes are non-venomous, killing their prey (small mammals, bats, birds and lizards) by constriction. Only in rare instances will they defend themselves from humans by biting. Their large blue-grey or steel colored eyes suggest nocturnal hunting habits. Trans-Pecos ratsnakes are usually seen at night along road cuts and crossing roads during the hot months of June, July and August in the rocky areas of the Chihuahuan desert. They retreat to limestone crevices and cracks during the day.

Protected status. The Trans-Pecos Ratsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Divided anal scale Dorsal scales are weakly keeled, in 31-35 rows at midbody

Coloration. Background color of light yellow, orange-yellow, or even light olive Up to 40 dark brown or black “H” shaped markings along their spine Sides of the “H’s” may join together along the back, giving an impression of lateral stripes, especially near the head and neck region Belly scales are free of pigment and are white to cream colored Scales under the tail are usually white or cream as well, though some specimens have faint stripes under the tail Head is uniformly colored with no dark pigmentation.

General distribution. In the United States, Bogertophis subocularis is confined to New Mexico and Texas. They are also found in Mexico, in the state of Chihuahua. Another subspecies, B. s. amplinotus, is found in Durango, Mexico, with intergrades between the two subspecies occuring in Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, and Chihuahua.

Texas distribution. Bogertophis subocularis is a Chihuahuan desert endemic, being found exclusively in the limestone foothills and mountains of the Trans-Pecos.

Habitat. Trans-Pecos Ratsnakes are associated with rocky areas of the Chihuahuan Desert, though they have been recorded from the oak-juniper woodlands of Big Bend and in the Davis Mountains.

Reproduction. Mating occurs in the spring and early summer with 3-7 eggs being laid shortly thereafter. Hatchlings are 27-36 cm (11-14 in) and have paler markings than the adults.

Size. Trans-Pecos Ratsnakes usually reach lengths of 76-140 cm (30-55 in), but occasionally reach sizes exceeding 165 cm (65 in).

Bufo americanus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Bufo americanus

Common Name. American Toad

General information. Bufo americanus is nocturnal and feeds on insects and other invertebrates. During the cold winter, B. americanus survives by burrowing into the soil.

Protected status. The American Toad is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Parotoid glands usually separated from cranial crests, or connected by short spur Only one or two warts per dark spot. Short, sturdy legs and prominent eyes.

Coloration. Typically plain brown; may also be gray, olive, or red, with light-colored patches Ventral surface light colored with spots Middorsal stripe may or may not be present Adult males with dark throats.

General distribution. The range of Bufo americanus extends from southern portions of Canada, west to the eastern edge of the Dakotas and south into the northern reaches of all of the Gulf Coast states, except Florida.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the one subspecies of Bufo americanus, B. a. charlesmithi is found only in the extreme northeast corner of the state.

Habitat. The habitat of Bufo americanus varies widely from mountain wilderness to urban areas. Moist areas are required for shelter, and pools or small bodies of water are necessary for breeding.

Reproduction. Bufo americanus breeding occurs from March to July. It is typically the toad species to begin calling in the spring. The female lays strings of dark eggs in the water.

Size. Adult Bufo americanus typically reach lengths of 5-8 cm (2-3.5 in).

Calls.

Bufo cognatus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Bufo cognatus

Common Name. Great Plains Toad

General information. Bufo cognatus is nocturnal and feeds on insects. When threatened, B. cognatus may camouflage itself by inflating its body and covering its head in the soil.

Protected status. The Great Plains Toad is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Broad head, short snout. Long hind legs with digging tubercle. Cranial crests at rear of head extend forward diagonally to meet at boss. Elongated parotoid glands behind cranial crests

Coloration. Gray, brown, or green, with large dark blotches bordered by lighter color.

General distribution. Bufo cognatus is found in parts of Canada and Montana through the Central Plains states, west into Southern California, Arizona and New Mexico, and south into Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Bufo cognatus is found in the western half of the state, including the Panhandle.

Habitat. Bufo cognatus can be seen in open grasslands, cultivated fields, brushy areas, irrigation ditches, streambeds, and flood plains; B. cognatus prefers a drier habitat than most toads, with loose soil for easy burrowing.

Reproduction. Breeding in Bufo cognatus occurs from April to September, typically during or after a rainfall.

Size. Bufo cognatus typically reaches an adult length of 4.5-9 cm (1.5-4.5 in).

Calls.

Bufo debilis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Bufo debilis

Common Name. Green Toad

General information. Bufo debilis is nocturnal and rarely seen unless it is during or after heavy rains, hiding instead under rocks or vegetation. This species may flatten its body against the ground when threatened.

Protected status. The Green Toad is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Flat head and body Parotoid glands large, elliptical, and distinctly separated Cranial crests absent Numerous warts on dorsal surface.

Coloration. Two subspecies of Bufo debilis are present in Texas, differentiated by their color pattern: bright green vs. yellow-green. Throat black or dusky in males, light-colored in females.

General distribution. In North America, Bufo debilis is concentrated in the Southwest, primarily found in New Mexico, Texas, and northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Bufo debilis is across much of the western two-thirds of the state.

Habitat. Bufo debilis is found in arid and semi-arid plains, as well as in open grassy plains.

Reproduction. Breeding in Bufo debilis takes place from March to September coinciding with seasonal heavy rains. Males call from under rocks and clumps of grass or while floating in the water with their heads above the surface. If conditions are not favorable, no breeding occurs.

Size. Bufo debilis is the smallest member of the genus Bufo in Texas, with adults only growing to 3-5.5 cm (1.5-2 in).

Calls.

Bufo fowleri

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Bufo fowleri

Common Name. Fowler’s Toad

General information. Primarily nocturnal, Bufo fowleri is found in sandy areas near marshes, ditches, and ponds. It feeds on ants and beetles and may use mammal burrows to escape the heat of the day.

Protected status. The Fowler’s Toad is not a protected species in Texas.

Diagnostic features. a dark pectoral region breaking apart into dark spots to the belly cranial crests that touch the parotoid glands behind the eye three or more warts in each large spot on the dorsal surface no enlarged warts on the tibia a supratympanic ridge is present.

Coloration. General dorsal coloration may be uniform yellowish-brown, brown, greenish-brown, or nearly black with many having an overlaying of reddish wash Belly with dark stippling on pectoral region. May have narrow light mid-dorsal stripe and light lateral stripes.

General distribution. In North America, Bufo fowleri is found widely across the eastern half of the US and Canada. Texas populations of this species are along the western boundary of this distribution.

Texas distribution. Restricted to eastern quarter of the state.

Habitat. Bufo fowleri can be found along marshes and in deciduous woodlands as well as sandy areas near irrigation ditches and temporary rain pools.

Reproduction. Dependent on rains, reproduction takes place March through August (typically highest March-April). Eggs are laid in long strings in shallow water

Size. Adult Fowler’s Toads average 50-75 mm (2-3 in) in length.

Calls.

Bufo horribilis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Bufo horribilis

Common Name. Cane Toad

General information. Bufo horribilis is nocturnal and can be found under stones, logs, or other large objects, or in burrows during the day. The cane toad feeds on insects, invertebrates, amphibians, and reptiles. It can secrete a highly toxic milky substance from its skin and glands when threatened.

Protected status. The Cane Toad is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. May be rows of warts on both sides of the midline; if present, rows of warts more prominent in males Triangular parotoid glands extending down sides of body Prominent cranial crests Body round and flat

Coloration. Dorsal color brown to yellow, red or olive-green. May have light middorsal stripe.

General distribution. In North America, Bufo horribilis is found primarily along the Pacific and Gulf Coasts of Mexico. This species is also found throughout Central and South America and has been introduced to different areas around the world.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the range of Bufo horribilis is restricted to the southern counties of the state, along the Rio Grande river valley.

Habitat. Bufo horribilis lives in or near natural pools and streams, as well as man-made impoundments.

Reproduction. Depending on favorable weather conditions, breeding in Bufo horribilis can take place year-round.

Size. Bufo horribilis is the largest member of the genus Bufo found in Texas, measuring over (10-18 cm (4-7 in) in length As adults, females are larger than males and can weigh oup to 1.5 kg (3.3 lbs).

Calls.

Bufo houstonensis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Bufo houstonensis

Common Name. Houston Toad

General information. Strictly a nocturnal species, Bufo houstonensis feeds on insects and other invertebrates.

Protected status. The Houston Toad is considered an endangered species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state. Addtional protection has been afforded to this species as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service considers the Houston toad to be a federally endangered species.

Diagnostic features. Thickened cranial ridges

Coloration. Mottled black or brown on ground color of cream to purple-gray, with dark green patches sometimes present. Light middorsal stripe present Mottling on dorsum forms zig-zag pattern. Numerous dark spots on pale venter Males with dark colored throats.

General distribution. Bufo houstonensis is only known from a handful of counties in southeast Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Bufo houstonensis was found historically across less than a dozen counties in southeastern quarter of the state; today, B. houstonensis is found in less than six counties.

Habitat. Bufo houstonensis inhabits pine forests and prairies, restricted to areas with deep sandy soils.

Reproduction. Breeding in Bufo houstonensis takes place from February to June and may be repeated if conditions permit, once in early spring and again in early summer. Males call from grass-bordered pools.

Size. Adult Bufo houstonensis average 5-7 cm (2-2.5 in) in length.

Calls.

Bufo nebulifer

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Bufo nebulifer

Common Name. Gulf Coast Toad

General information. Bufo nebulifer feeds on insects attracted to light sources and is most active at twilight.

Protected status. The Gulf Coast Toad is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Cranial crests well defined and form a “valley” between them. Parotoid glands, connected to the cranial crests, are triangular Rather flat toad

Coloration. Dorsal color varies from almost black to brownish-yellow. Broad dark stripe down each side of dorsum, each with light stripes just above Additional light middorsal stripe present. Male throat yellow-green, female throat not pigmented.

General distribution. In North America, Bufo nebulifer is found along the Gulf Coast from Louisiana to northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Bufo nebulifer is found in central and south Texas, along with the southern portion of east Texas.

Habitat. The habitat of Bufo nebulifer varies widely from coastal prairies and barrier beaches along the Gulf of Mexico to roadside and irrigation ditches to urban/suburban sewers and backyard gardens.

Reproduction. Breeding in Bufo nebulifer takes place from March to September.

Size. Bufo nebulifer grows to an adult size of 5-10 cm (2-4 in).

Calls.

Bufo punctatus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Bufo punctatus

Common Name. Red-spotted Toad

General information. Bufo punctatus is mainly nocturnal, however it may be diurnal during breeding. It feeds on insects.

Protected status. The Red-spotted Toad is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Distinct small and round parotoid glands. Overall flattened body Cranial crests slightly developed, or absent

Coloration. Gray, shades of brown, or pale olive, with reddish warts in dark blotches Dusky throat on males, light-colored throat on females.

General distribution. In North America, Bufo punctatus has a broad range across the southwestern U. S. and northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Bufo punctatus can be found throughout most of the western two-thirds of the state.

Habitat. Bufo punctatus is a desert resident preferring to live in rocky areas and open grasslands; B. punctatus typically remains near a water source such as a spring, stream, or cattle tank.

Reproduction. Breeding in Bufo punctatus occurs from April to September, coincident with seasonal rainfall. Males call from the edge of a water source.

Size. Bufo punctatus is one of the smaller members of the genus, measuring only 3.5-7.5 cm (1.5-3 in) as an adult.

Calls.

Bufo speciosus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Bufo speciosus

Common Name. Texas Toad

General information. Bufo speciosus is nocturnal and burrows in the loose soil. It feeds on insects and other invertebrates.

Protected status. The Texas Toad is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Round body, covered with small warts Two black tubercles on hind feet; inner tubercle sickle-shaped. Cranial crests indistinct and widely separated, or absent. Oval parotoid glands.

Coloration. Gray marked with brown or yellow-green spots Middorsal stripe absent.

General distribution. In North America, Bufo speciosus is found in Texas and northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Bufo speciosus is seen throughout most of the state, except the western Panhandle and the wetter portions of east Texas.

Habitat. Bufo speciosus can be found in a wide variety of habitats: grasslands and open woodlands, mesquite-savanna associations, and areas with sandy soil.

Reproduction. Breeding in Bufo speciosus occurs from April to September, after rains.

Size. As an adult, Bufo speciosus can grow to 5-8.5 cm (2-3.5 in) in length.

Calls.

Bufo woodhousii

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Bufo woodhousii

Common Name. Woodhouse’s Toad

General information. Bufo woodhousii is nocturnal and feeds on insects near light sources. During the day it shelters in burrows or among vegetation.

Protected status. Woodhouse’s Toad is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Cranial crests prominent. Parotoid glands elongate.

Coloration. Three subspecies in Texas, separated on color patterns that range from yellow-brown or gray to yellow, green-brown, or green. Belly color may be pale or yellow, with or without dark markings on chest and sides. Light middorsal stripe present. Dark dorsal spots with one to several warts Males with dark pigmented throats, females with unpigmented throats.

General distribution. In North America, the range of Bufo woodhousii is from the East Coast, west as far as Nevada and then south into northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Bufo woodhousii is found throughout most of the the state, excluding far eastern Texas and the western half of south Texas.

Habitat. Bufo woodhousii prefers sandy areas near marshes, river bottoms, desert streams, canyons, irrigated fields, in addition to well-irrigated suburban backyard gardens.

Reproduction. Breeding in Bufo woodhousii occurs from March to August. Males call from pools of water.

Size. Adult Bufo woodhousii can range in size from 5-12 cm (2-5 in).

Calls.

Caretta caretta

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Caretta caretta

Common Name. Loggerhead Sea Turtle

General information. The Loggerhead Sea Turtle is a marine turtle, most frequently seen when females come onto nesting beaches to lay eggs. Females may follow a pattern of migrating to a reproductive area, nesting, migration from nesting area to feeding area, and extended period of active feeding. Omnivorous, the loggerhead feeds on jellyfish, squid and many hard-shelled prey, like barnacles, snails, and bivalves. Juveniles feed on invertebrates associated with floating mats of seaweed.

Protected status. The Loggerhead Sea Turtle is considered a threatened species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state. Additional protection has been afforded to this species as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service considers the loggerhead seaturtle to be a federally threatened species.

Diagnostic features. Elongated carapace, with five or more pair of pleural scutes (the first pair touch 1st cervical scute) Carapace may have slight keel in juveniles, becoming smoother with age. Unhinged plastron that may have two longitudinal ridges that are lost with age. Three poreless inframarginals along bridge. Broad head rounded in front; top of head with two pair of prefrontals. Paddle-like front limbs.

Coloration. Carapace dark, from reddish-brown to olive, though some scutes with yellow borders Plastron yellow to white. Skin often darker dorsally (with yellow or cream color ventrally). Head yellow, reddish, or brown; scales on head may be bordered in yellow.

General distribution. In North America, the distribution of Caretta caretta is found along the Atlantic Coast from Canada to the southern Gulf Coast. They are also found along the Pacific Coast from Alaska to Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Caretta caretta has been spotted along the majority of the Texas Gulf Coast.

Habitat. Loggerhead Sea Turtle can be found in worldwide in most seas.

Reproduction. Peak nesting dates are May through July. Females may lay 1-3 clutches during a nesting season, with eggs averaging 110-130 per clutch. Incubation is 50-75 days.

Size. Adult Caretta caretta grow to lengths between 85-100 cm (34-40 in) making them the largest hard-shelled turtle species in the world. The largest loggerhead ever recorded measured 2.1 m (7 ft) in length and over 453 kg.

Carphophis vermis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Carphophis vermis

Common Name. Western Wormsnake

General information. Carphophis vermis is a non-venomous snake whose diet consists of earthworms, grubs and other soft-bodied invertebrates. A secretive snake, the western wormsnake will release a foul-smelling, thick mucus from its anal glands when disturbed. It can also press its tail tip into a captor’s hand, creating the sensation of a pin-prick and hopefully initiating a quick release by the captor.

Protected status. The Western Wormsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Small pointed head Divided anal scale; dorsal scales are smooth, in 13 scale rows at midbody

Coloration. Dorsal color is dark purplish, abruptly ending at the third scale row, where the color of the ventral surface, either a pink or salmon color, extends from the belly to create a horizontal black/pink split Head is uniformly colored with no dark pigmentation.

General distribution. Only found in the U.S., Carphophis vermis is found from southern Iowa, through Missouri, portions of western Illinois and eastern Kansas and Nebraska, southward through western Arkansas, northwestern Louisiana and northeastern Texas.

Texas distribution. Carphophis vermis is an extremely uncommon snake in Texas, only being found in the counties of Bowie, Red River, and Titus in the northeastern corner of the state.

Habitat. Western Wormsnakes can be found under stones, damp logs, and other kinds of debris in a variety of habitats, preferring damp forested areas along stream valleys but can also be found in overgrown farms and prairies.

Reproduction. Mating in Western Wormsnakes occurs in September and October (perhaps also in the spring), with eggs laid in April or May. Young hatch from egg clutches of 1-8 eggs (average clutch size: 3) about seven weeks later, ranging 7-12 cm (3-4 3/4 in) in length.

Size. Adult Carphophis vermis reach 19-28 cm (7 1/2-11 in) in length, with a record adult measuring 39 cm (15 3/8 in) in length.

Cemophora coccinea

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Cemophora coccinea

Common Name. Scarletsnake

General information. Scarletsnakes can be constrictors, taking small lizards and snakes at times, preferring instead to feed on reptile eggs. They can feed on such eggs by swallowing them whole or by cracking the shell with specialized teeth in the back of their jaw.

Protected status. The Scarletsnake is listed as threatened by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is protected in the state of Texas.

Diagnostic features. Undivided anal plate Smooth dorsal scales in 19 rows at midbody. Pointed red snout.

Coloration. Grey or white background color with 17-24 deep red blotches, with each blotch bordered by black pigment along the spine The ventral surface is white and unmarked.

General distribution. Scarletsnakes are found from New Jersey, along the Atlantic Coast to Florida, and west to Texas and Oklahoma

Texas distribution. In Texas, Cemophora coccinea is found along the east Texas border.

Habitat. Scarletsnakes prefer soft, sandy or loamy soils for burrowing, occurring in forested areas as well as open areas such as agricultural fields and along borders of swamps and stream banks. Occasionaly scarletsnakes are dug up from as deep as 2 meters (6 ft) during the construction of foundations or ditches for pipelines.

Reproduction. Clutches of eggs, ranging in size from 3-8, are laid in mid-summer and newly hatched young measuring 12-15 cm (5-6 in) in length.

Size. Northern scarletsnakes (Cemophora coccinea) are usually 35-51 cm (14-20 in) in length.

Cemophora lineri

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Cemophora lineri

Common Name. Texas Scarletsnake

General information. Texas Scarletsnakes are constrictors living in well-drained or sandy soils, feeding on a variety of small vertebrates and their eggs.

Protected status. The Texas Scarletsnake is listed as threatened by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is protected in the state of Texas.

Diagnostic features. Undivided anal plate Smooth dorsal scales in 19 rows at midbody. Pointed red snout

Coloration. Grey or white background color with 17-24 deep red blotches, with each blotch bordered by black pigment along the spine. Differing from the Scarletsnake, the blotches extend onto the ventral scales in this species.

General distribution. An endemic species, the Texas Scarletsnake is only found in Texas.

Texas distribution. Cemophora lineri is found along the southern Gulf Coast from Matagora County to Kennedy County and inland to Jim Hogg and Brooks Counties.

Habitat. Texas scarletsnakes are rarely encountered animals, found mainly in sandy thickets along the Gulf Coast.

Reproduction. Clutches of eggs, ranging in size from 3-8, are laid in mid-summer and newly hatched young measuring 12-15 cm (5-6 in) in length.

Size. Texas scarletsnakes can reach total lengths up to 66 cm (26 in).

Chelonia mydas

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Chelonia mydas

Common Name. Green Sea Turtle

General information. The Green Sea Turtle is diurnal, feeding during the morning and afternoon hours and spending the warmest portion of the day in deeper (cooler) water. Some populations are year-round residents near the nesting beaches, whereas others may migrate hundreds of kilometers from feeding grounds to reach the nesting beach area. Juvenile green seaturtles are primarily carnivorous, feeding on sponges, jellyfish, crabs, snails, and bivalves in addition to plant matter. Adults are primarily herbivorous, choosing sea grasses, and several different types of algae (red, green, brown) as well as those items listed for juveniles.

Protected status. The Green Sea Turtle is considered a threatened species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state. Additional protection has been afforded to this species as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service considers the green seaturtle to be a federally threatened species.

Diagnostic features. Broad, long heart-shaped carapace with four of pleural scutes (the first pair not in contact with 1st cervical scute) Posterior edge of carapace slightly serrated. Unhinged plastron that may have two longitudinal ridges that are lost with age. Four poreless inframarginals along bridge. Head with single pair of prefrontals and four postocular scales. Serrated cutting edge on lower jaw. Paddle-like front limbs with single claw.

Coloration. Carapace dark, from brown, olive or black, with mottled pattern Plastron yellow to white. Skin often brown, gray or black and is darker dorsally (with yellow or cream color ventrally). Head brown with scales bordered in yellow.

General distribution. In North America, the distribution of Chelonia mydas is restricted to the warmer oceanic waters, found along the Atlantic Coast from Massachusetts to Mexico. They are also found along the Pacific Coast south of Baja California.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the single subspecies of Chelonia mydas found in Texas, C. m. mydas, is only known from a handful of localities along the Texas Gulf Coast.

Habitat. The Green Sea Turtle feeds primarily in shallow waters but can migrate large distances over open seas. Most individuals are found in water less than 50m (167 ft) deep.

Reproduction. Nesting occurs March through October, but most nests are laid between May and September. Females may lay eggs once every two or three years, laying up to 7 clutches (each clutch averaging 100-120 eggs) during the year the actually nest. Incubation is 50-60 days.

Size. Average adult lengths of Chelonia mydas measure 105-130 cm (42-52 in).

Chelydra serpentina

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Chelydra serpentina

Common Name. Common Snapping Turtle

General information. Frequently found in water as deep as the length of its neck, the snapping turtle often hides in brush or under submerged logs and roots in the water. Common snapping turtles are thought to be most active at night, but individuals can often be seen floating just under the surface of the water. Infrequently they are found out of the water, perhaps moving between bodies of water. An omnivorous species, the common snapper will eat just about anything it can get a hold of and swallow. Fish, birds, snakes, turtles, amphibians, various invertebrates and some plant material. Carrion is not refused.

Protected status. The Common Snapping Turtle is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Carapace with three low keels, more prominent in juvenile turtles becoming smooth as adults. Carapace very serrated posteriorly Bridge is small and unhinged plastron is extremely reduced. Large head with hooked beak, with eyes placed dorsolaterally on head. Long neck with tubercles. Tail equivalent length of carapace or longer; tail with three rows of prominent tubercles. Strong, heavy claws on large legs with webbed feet.

Coloration. Carapace dark (black to brown); plastron yellowish to tan Skin tan, gray, yellow or black.

General distribution. In North America, Chelydra serpentina is found east of the Rocky Mountains throughout all of the eastern United States as well as adjacent populations in southern Canada.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Chelydra serpentina found in Texas, C. s. serpentina, is distributed across much of the state, save the southern and western tips of the state.

Habitat. A habitat generalist, the Common Snapping Turtle can be found in almost any body of fresh water with a muddy bottom, whether the body of water is natural or man-made. Some populations inhabit brackish water.

Reproduction. Nesting period occupies month-long period between mid-May and mid-June. Average clutch sizes are 20-40. Incubation is 75-95 days.

Size. Chelydra serpentina grow to adult lengths of 49 cm (19.5 in).

Map. Colored counties reflect known distribution for species and/or subspecies; map is based on museum voucher specimens.

Chrysemys picta

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Chrysemys picta

Common Name. Painted Turtle

General information. Painted turtles are diurnal, basking during much of the day, essentially whenever they are not feeding. Painted turtles eat a wide variety of prey from insects and crayfish to mollusks and aquatic vegetation.

Protected status. The Painted Turtle is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Smooth, unkeeled shell. Rear of carapace smooth (no serration). Notched upper jaw. Unhinged plastron.

Coloration. Shells are combination of red, yellow, and black or dark green. Painted turtles in east Texas have a broad orange or red stripe down the back with a yellow plastron; painted turtles in west Texas have a light yellow net-like pattern across their carapace with light vertical lines on their marginal scutes with the center of their yellow plastron pigmented. Skin black to olive, with legs, neck and head striped with red and yellow. Chin with two yellow stripes. Head with yellow stripe extending downward behind eye. Large yellow spot and streak behind eye.

General distribution. In North America, Chrysemys picta is found across the United States as well as southern Canada, from the Pacific Coast to the Atlantic versant. Its discontinuous range across the continent includes isolated populations in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas as well as adjacent populations in Chihuahua, Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the two subspecies of Chrysemys picta are found at opposite ends of the state: C. p. belli is found in El Paso and northern Culberson counties; C. p. dorsalis is found in a handful of counties along the Cypress and Sabine River drainages in northeastern Texas.

Habitat. A freshwater species, the Painted Turtle prefers slow-moving creeks, ponds, and shallow lakes where aquatic vegetation, soft muddy bottoms, and basking sites are plentiful.

Reproduction. Mating usually occurs March through June with females laying 4-20 eggs. Females may lay two to three clutches of eggs each year. Eggs take 70-80 days to hatch; hatchling painted turtles have keeled shells.

Size. Adult Chrysemys picta have carapace lengths up to 25 cm (10 in), though the average size is between 10-18 cm in Texas (4-7 in).

Coleonyx brevis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Coleonyx brevis

Common Name. Texas Banded Gecko

General information. Nocturnal, This nocturnal gecko remains under cover during daylight hours and exits at dusk. Texas banded geckos can commonly be seen on roadways at night as it forages for insects and spiders. This species of gecko emits squeaks when handled.

Protected status. The Texas Banded Gecko is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slender body with large head and large eyes with vertical pupils and movable eyelids Small granular scales. Slender toes without pads. Thick tail equal in length to the head and body. Females grow larger than males

Coloration. Pinkish brown ground color with alternating cross bands of brown and pale yellow. Dark and light colored blotches and spots on body create mottled look, especially with age.

General distribution. In North America, Coleonyx brevis is found across much of west Texas, as well as parts of south Texas, New Mexico, and northeastern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Coleonyx brevis is found in the Trans-Pecos and the western portions of south Texas.

Habitat. The Texas Banded Gecko is a terrestrial species lives in dry, rocky areas, where it can be found in canyons and crevices, as well as under rocks and fallen yuccas.

Reproduction. Breeding is not well described, but probably occurs for a few months in late spring with one or two eggs being laid. Juveniles have a distinctive chocolate brown bands that develop light areas as they become adults.

Size. Adult Coleonyx brevis may reach lengths of 10-12 cm (4-4.75 in), including tail.

Coleonyx reticulatus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Coleonyx reticulatus

Common Name. Reticulate Banded Gecko

General information. This is a nocturnal gecko species, remaining under cover during daylight hours. This gecko is infrequently seen on roadways at night and after rains. Individuals may emit a “squeek” when handled.

Protected status. The Reticulate Banded Gecko is considered an threatened species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state.

Diagnostic features. Dorsal rows of large tubercles on body with otherwise small scales. Large eyes with vertical pupils and movable eyelids. Slender toes without pads. Prehensile tail

Coloration. Pinkish brown ground color with brown spots Faint cross bars may be present, suggesting netlike pattern.

General distribution. In North America, Coleonyx reticulatus is found only in the Texas countes of Brewster and Presidio and two isolated colonies in adjacent Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Coleonyx reticulatus is found in Big Bend, in Brewster and Presidio Counties.

Habitat. This terrestrial lizard is found in dry areas of west Texas, where it inhabits rocky canyons and crevices.

Reproduction. Reproduction and breeding behavior is not well known in this species. Reports on those kept in captivity indicate two eggs are laid in July.

Size. Coleonyx reticulatus can grow to adult lengths (including tail) of 14-16.5 cm (5.5-6.5 in).

Coluber constrictor

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Coluber constrictor

Common Name. Eastern Racer

General information. One of the few truly diurnal snakes in Texas, the slender body and, generally, uniform pattern of C. constrictor make it difficult to catch or even seen when moving through underbrush. Non-venomous, these nervous snakes will not hesitate to bite or strike if captured. The prey of C. constrictor ranges from small mammals to reptiles and amphibians. Insects may also be taken, especially when the snakes are juvenile.

Protected status. The Eastern Racer is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Of the five recognized subspecies of C. constrictor in Texas, some appear quite similar to each other, others are quite unique. All five share the characteristics of smooth dorsal scales, (17 rows at midbody and 15 rows anterior to the vent), a divided anal plate, and an angular head.

Coloration. The dorsal coloration varies between the five subspecies of Coluber constrictor found in Texas Juveniles of most subspecies look tremendously different than their parents as they have a pattern of vertebral blotches which are typically lost during the neonates second year.

General distribution. There are nine subspecies of Coluber constrictor that are found across much of the United States east of the Continental Divide; additional subspecies range into northeastern Mexico.

Texas distribution. Coluber constrictor is found throughout most of Texas, save the western portions of the Trans-Pecos and Panhandle, as well as isolated portions of south Texas.

Habitat. Coluber constrictor is typically found in open areas with large amounts of undergrowth. Abandoned fields and farmlands, as well as edges of forest are suitable habitats for most of the five subspecies. Coluber c. etheridgei enjoys closed canopy wooded areas instead of the open areas like the other four subspecies.

Reproduction. Adults usually mate in the spring and the females lay clutches of as many as 30 eggs from May to early August. Incubation may last as long as 50 days with the juveniles measuring between 23-30.5 cm (9-12 in).

Size. Adult lengths may vary between 51-152.5 cm (20-60 in).

Coniophanes imperialis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Coniophanes imperialis

Common Name. Regal Black-Striped Snake

General information. Coniophanes imperialis is secretive and burrows into the soil or retreats under logs or cacti during the day and forages during the night. It feeds on small vertebrates including frogs, lizards, mice, and smaller snakes and is mildly venomous.

Protected status. The Regal Black-Striped Snake is listed as threatened by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is protected in the state of Texas

Diagnostic features. Scales are smooth, in 19 scale rows at midbody Divided anal plate

Coloration. Alternating black and brown or dark brown and tan longitudinal stripes. Ventral surface red or orange. A thin light colored line originating at snout terminates at rear of head.

General distribution. In North America, Coniophanes imperialis is found from extreme south Texas along the Gulf Coast to Veracruz, Mexico.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Coniophanes imperialis present in Texas, C. i. imperialis, is found only in the extreme southern part of the state.

Habitat. Coniophanes imperialis prefers loose, sandy soil habitats with scattered debris and/or piles of rotting cacti. It may also be seen in cracks in the soil that form when the soil dries out quickly or around buildings or construction sites.

Reproduction. Female Coniophanes imperialis may lay as many as 10 eggs in the late spring. Hatchlings appear about 40 days later and are roughly 15 cm (6 in) in length.

Size. Adult Coniophanes imperialis can reach lengths of 30-45 cm (12-18 in).

Cophosaurus texanus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Cophosaurus texanus

Common Name. Greater Earless Lizard

General information. Cophosaurus texanus is a quick and active species of diurnal lizard. They run quickly about with their tails raised and they may wave their tails from side to side when slowing to a halt or when they are about to run. This species eats a variety of adult and larval insect prey.

Protected status. The Greater Earless Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Two throat folds (one weak) No external ear openings. Flattened body and tail

Coloration. Black crossbars on ventral surface of tail. Two subspecies in Texas are distinguished by dorsal color pattern differences Males generally larger with more vivid colorations Males have two distinct black lines in a field of blue and yellow anterior to the hind legs that wrap onto the venter and stop abruptly; females and young have distinct dark stripe on back side of each thigh surrounded by a lighter color. Gravid females take on a pink coloration on their flanks.

General distribution. In North America, Cophosaurus texanus is found in the Southwest, from Texas to Arizona and into northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the two subspecies of Cophosaurus texanus are seen across the western two-thirds of the state.

Habitat. Cophosaurus texanus prefer rocky desert flats, streambeds, and limestone cliffs.

Reproduction. Clutches of eggs, numbering 2-8 (average of 5), are laid from March to August.

Size. Cophosaurus texanus grow to lengths (including tail) of 7-18 cm (3-7 in).

Craugastor augusti

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Scientific name. Craugastor augusti

Common Name. Barking Frog

General information. Craugastor augusti is a shy frog rarely seen in the open. Eleutherodactylus augusti climbs rocks and walks with its entire body held above the ground. When captured, it will puff up to several times its body size.

Protected status. The Barking Frog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Toad-like shape with large head and forelegs with a dorsolateral fold present along its torso. A circular ventral disc present on its belly (as in L. fragilis) A fold of skin is present on the head just behind its eyes Toes are slender and not webbed.

Coloration. Dorsal background color can vary from tan to green, with pink or red tones sometimes present.

General distribution. In North America, Craugastor augusti is found along a narrow band from central Texas into southeastern New Mexico; a separate population also occurs in southern Arizona. This species is also found throughout many of the major mountain ranges in Mexico.

Texas distribution. The single species Craugastor augusti found in Texas is found from central Texas southwest to Del Rio, then northwest through west Texas to the southeastern corner of New Mexico.

Habitat. Craugastor augusti can be found in limestone caves and crevices, but it is known to utilize kangaroo rat burrows in southeastern New Mexico.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs from February to May during the rainy season. Craugastor augusti lays its eggs in a foam nest away from standing water; the tadpoles undergo direct development, where the tadpoles transform inside the eggs and emerge as small frogs.

Size. Craugastor augusti reaches an adult length between 6-9 cm (2.5-3 in).

Calls.

Crocodilians

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“Crocodilians” include three groups: Alligators, crocodiles, gavials, and the false gavial.

Crotalus atrox

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Scientific name. Crotalus atrox

Common Name. Western Diamond-backed Rattlesnake

General information. All rattlesnakes are venomous, and therefore potentially dangerous if approached or handled. Rattlesnakes are not generally aggressive and will most likely flee if given a chance to retreat. The western diamond-backed rattlesnake is primarily a nocturnal animal, hunting for its prey on warm summer nights. It is, however, seasonally diurnal, moving between hunting sites during the day during the cooler spring and fall months. The western diamond-backed rattlesnake is usually inactive between late October and early March, though an occasional rattlesnake may be seen sunning itself on warm winter days.

Protected status. The Western Diamond-backed Rattlesnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Undivided anal scale Dorsal scales extremely keeled, often in rows of 25 to 27 near midbody

Coloration. Background coloration of tan or brown surrounds series of diamond-shaped blotches Dorsal coloration varies tremendously over its distributional range, though typically shades of tan or brown Tail is black and white banded (sometimes called “coontail” across its range) Ventral surface is off-white and usually unmarked.

General distribution. In the United States, Crotalus atrox is found in California, Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas. The Western Diamond-backed Rattlesnake also has an extensive range in the northern half of Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Crotalus atrox is found throughout the state, save the wettest eastern portions of the state. Its relative, the Eastern Diamond-backed Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus), is found in eastern Louisiana and ranges from there through Florida to North Carolina.

Habitat. Found from the flatlands and prairies to the rocky hills and low mountains, the Western Diamond-backed Rattlesnake is in turn preyed upon by a variety of larger mammals and birds, such as coyotes, foxes, and hawks.

Reproduction. Mating occurs in the spring and the females give birth (they are viviparous) to as many as 25 young, which may be as long as 30 cm (12 in) in length. The young are fully capable of delivering a venomous bite hours after their birth.

Size. Adults typically measure between 0.91-1.21 m (3-4 ft) - this is the longest rattlesnake in Texas with the record length over 213 cm (84 in).

Crotalus horridus

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Scientific name. Crotalus horridus

Common Name. Timber Rattlesnake

General information. Like all rattlesnakes the Timber Rattlesnake is venomous, and therefore dangerous if disturbed. If encountered in the wild, they are better left alone. Feeding primarily on rodents and rabbits, the Timber Rattlesnake is a sit-and-wait predator, often found lying adjacent to rodent paths that weave through the vegetation. They may lie in wait for several days for the chance to capture a meal. Because timber rattlesnakes often congregate in large numbers at den sites for their winter hibernation, they are highly susceptible to human interference. In fact, many populations in the northeastern U.S. have been eliminated as a result of over-collection and unnecessary killing by humans. These snakes are an important part of the food web because they limit rodent populations, as well as being a source of food to several large mammal and bird species. Conservation efforts have been implemented in many states in an effort to learn more about these important predators and to protect those remaining populations from further human-induced problems

Protected status. The Timber Rattlesnake is the only protected species of venomous snake in Texas and can not be collected without a scientific collecting permit.

Diagnostic features. Undivided anal plate Keeled dorsal scale rows are either in rows of 25 or 27 near midbody

Coloration. Dark crossbands covering a gray background In some individuals, light cinnamon-colored vertebral stripe covers a portion of each crossband Background color may be a shade of yellow, or even darkly pigmented, obscuring the distinction between the blotches and the background Tail is black Belly is mostly white with areas of pigment found near the border between ventral and dorsal scales.

General distribution. The range of Crotalus horridus extends through much of the United States, including most of the states east of the Mississippi River. West of the Mississippi, the timber rattlesnake is found as far west as Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas, and as far north as Minnesota. It is not found in Mexico, and only a single small population is found in Canada.

Texas distribution. Crotalus horridus is found only in the wetter portions of the eastern quarter of the state.

Habitat. Timber Rattlesnakes can be found in the wooded forests, as well as the well-vegetated lowlands. In Texas, it can be found associated along heavily vegetated riparian waterways found in the eastern part of the state.

Reproduction. Females give live birth to an average of ten young in the late summer months. These young rattlesnakes may measure between 20-40 cm (8-16 in) at birth.

Size. Adults may reach to 152 cm (60 in) in length.

Crotalus lepidus

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Scientific name. Crotalus lepidus

Common Name. Rock Rattlesnake

General information. Rattlesnakes are not generally aggressive and will leave the area if given a chance to retreat; but are all rattlesnakes are venomous and should be left alone. Primarily a nocturnal predator during the hot summer months, C. lepidus feeds on lizards and mice which live in cracks and crevices of the rocky hillsides. The heat-sensing pits are very useful when hunting a mouse through an underground tunnel system. In the spring and fall, the rock rattlesnake can be diurnal, moving between shelters and basking in the sunshine of the cooler mornings. During the winter, the rattlesnakes seek retreats deep in the crevices, away from the dangerously low outside temperatures.

Protected status. The Rock Rattlesnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Undivided anal scale Dorsal scales extremely keeled, often in rows of 23 near midbody

Coloration. Typically grey in overall coloration, although certain populations may blend into their surrounding rocky habitat with dorsal colors of pink, brown and tan Series of crossbands run the length of the animal Pink or grey belly may or may not be pigmented.

General distribution. In the United States, Crotalus lepidus is found only in the rocky mountains and hills of southern Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. The distributional range of C. lepidus includes two additional subspecies in Mexico, extending well into the interior of the country as far south as the mountains of Zacatecas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Crotalus lepidus is found from El Paso County in the west, throughout Big Bend and much of the Trans-Pecos, to the eastern edges of the Hill Country in Bandera County.

Habitat. The small Rock Rattlesnake well deserves its common name as it spends its life in and around rocky outcrops and crevices found in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas.

Reproduction. Rock Rattlesnakes mate during the summer months, and actually overwinter while pregnant, giving live birth to litters of 2-8 young a year after mating. The young measure less than 20 cm in length at birth.

Size. Adults are rarely larger than 61 cm (24 in); record length is 76 cm (30 in).

Crotalus ornatus

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Scientific name. Crotalus ornatus

Common Name. Eastern Black-tailed Rattlesnake

General information. Like all rattlesnakes, the Eastern Black-tailed Rattlesnake is venomous and should be left alone. Even though it is generally restricted to rocky habitats, C. ornatus can be found at a wide range of elevations up and down a hillside. blacktail rattlesnakes found along this large elevational gradient (1000-2500 m) can demonstrate extremes seen in background colorations. At lower elevations, the background colors of C. molossus are often gray or dusty brown, allowing the rattlesnake to blend in better with its sparsely vegetated and dry desert scrub surroundings. At higher elevations, such as the Davis Mountains in Jeff Davis County, the background colors are generally more yellowish, which contrast more strongly with the dark vertebral blotches and allow the rattlesnake to camouflage itself more effectively in the shadows created by the pinon-juniper woodland. The black-tailed rattlesnake is also thought to be one of the most passive rattlesnakes in the state, relying instead on its camouflage for protection against predators rather than using its attention-grabbing rattles to warn would-be attackers. The black-tailed rattlesnake eats a variety of vertebrate prey, feeding on mammals, birds and even lizards.

Protected status. The Eastern Black-tailed Rattlesnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Undivided anal scale Dorsal scales extremely keeled, often in rows of 25-29 near midbody

Coloration. Background color can be extremely variable, ranging from yellowish tan or olive to gray or dark brown A series of very dark blotches are found down the back with the posteriormost blotches forming crossbands Top or crown of the head is often dark brown or black and contrasts with the tan or yellow coloration of the rest of the head Chocolate brown ocular stripe runs through the eye into the corner of the mouth All-black tail is striking, and the black velvet color begins immediately at the vent and covers the entire tail.

General distribution. In the United States, Crotalus ornatus is found in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas.

Texas distribution. C. ornatus is mostly found throughout the rocky areas of the Trans-Pecos, but has also occurred historically eastward to the edges of the Edwards Plateau, including Bandera and Travis Counties.

Habitat. The heavy-bodied Eastern Black-tailed Rattlesnake is most frequently encountered in rough and rugged mountain canyons and hillsides, though it is sometimes found crossing the flatland separating rocky areas.

Reproduction. Gravid (or pregnant) C. ornatus give birth to live young in the late summer, generally in July and August, which coincides with the onset of the summer monsoons. The neonate Eastern Black-tailed Rattlesnake may number between 3 and 16, and average around 27 cm (10.5 in) in length.

Size. Adults may measure 76-110 cm (30-42 in); record length is 125 cm (49 in).

Crotalus scutulatus

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Scientific name. Crotalus scutulatus

Common Name. Mohave Rattlesnake

General information. Crotalus scutulatus is a nocturnal hunter, feeding on small mammals and lizards. Although all rattlesnakes are venomous and worthy of great respect, this species is particularly dangerous. There are two types of venom found within the distribution of Mojave rattlesnakes. Venom type A, or “Mojave toxin,” is quite different than most rattlesnake venoms in that it is neurotoxic, and affects the respiratory and nervous systems of its prey. Venom type B is similar to most other U.S. rattlesnakes in being hemotoxic, effectively destroying tissue around the site of the bite. Venom type B appears to be prevalent in C. scutulatus found within the state of Texas, but snakes with a mixture of both types of venom have been found. Other populations of other species of rattlesnakes have also been found to have small percentages of Mojave toxin present in their venoms as well. Advanced medical treatments save the lives of the hundreds of people bitten by rattlesnakes each year, with much less than 1% of all bites resulting in fatalities. Most of these fatalities are the result of delays from seeking medical treatment.

Protected status. The Mohave Rattlesnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Undivided anal scale Dorsal scales extremely keeled, often in rows of 25 near midbody

Coloration. Body is yellowish-tan to light brown above Occasionally individuals have an overall greenish tint to their background color, which has resulted in the name “Mohave greens.“Series of dark diamond blotches with light edges, similar to those of the western diamondback (see below), running along the length of the body Blotches flatten into bands near the tail Belly is slightly pigmented near the edges of the dorsal scales Tail is ringed by white and black bands, with white bands twice the width of black bands A series of light facial stripes also run in front of, and behind the eye, contrasting with the more darkly colored head.

General distribution. In the United States, Crotalus scutulatus is found in the southern portions of California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. There are two subspecies of the Mohave Rattlesnake, though only one (C. s. scutulatus) is found in the U.S. The Mojave rattlesnake also has an extensive range in the northern half of Mexico.

Texas distribution. Crotalus scutulatus is restricted to the western edges of the state, from El Paso to the Big Bend.

Habitat. Found primarily in the flat deserts and semi-grasslands of the Trans Pecos region of extreme West Texas.

Reproduction. Crotalus scutulatus is viviparous, giving birth to live young in late July or August, often coinciding with the summer monsoons. There may be as many as nine young, measuring up to 25 cm (10 in) in length.

Size. Adults may measure 61-90 cm (24-36 in); record length is 129 cm (51 in).

Crotalus viridis

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Scientific name. Crotalus viridis

Common Name. Prairie Rattlesnake

General information. Rattlesnakes are not generally aggressive and will likely flee if given a chance. They are of course poisonous, and should be treated with great respect. It is a nocturnal species when encountered in the Trans-Pecos region, though populations in the Panhandle may also be active in the early morning hours around dawn, as well as around dusk. In extreme northern U.S. populations, C. viridis may be entirely diurnal, because nightime temperatures often drop to cold extremes. In certain areas, the number of appropriate rocky crevices and caves for winter hibernation are limited. Because of these scarce sites, hibernation sites or dens are often shared by more than one animal during the winter. These dens may hold as many as twenty or so snakes when found in the Panhandle, whereas dens found in colder extremes of Wyoming and Colorado may contain hundreds of snakes. It is important to also note that it is not uncommon to find both venomous and non-venomous snakes sharing the same den site.

Protected status. The Prairie Rattlesnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Undivided anal scale Dorsal scales extremely keeled, often in rows of 25-27 near midbody

Coloration. Body has overall dorsal color ranging from tan to light brown 35-55 contrasting dark brown oval vertebral blotches that run the length of the body Blotches flatten out into narrow crossbands on the tail An additional row of faint brown blotches can be seen laterally, though greatly obscured in many individuals Belly is off-white and is unpigmented Two light colored facial stripes, bordering both sides of a dark subocular stripe A series of light facial stripes also run in front of, and behind the eye, contrasting with the more darkly colored head; posteriormost light stripe does not extend into the corner of the mouth.

General distribution. In the United States, Crotalus viridis is found in New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, Wyoming, Montana, and both North and South Dakota. A few populations extend into portions of northern Mexico and southwestern Canada.

Texas distribution. C. viridis is found in the western portions of the state, from the Panhandle, to portions of the Trans-Pecos and the Stockton Plateau.

Habitat. Crotalus viridis is a prairie specialist (as indicated by its common name) and feeds upon many of the birds and mammals found in these grasslands; juvenile prairie rattlesnake will additionally feed on lizards.

Reproduction. Female prairie rattlesnakes give live birth to as many as 14 young, averaging 24 cm (9.5 in) in length, in August, September and October.

Size. Adults up to 91.5 cm (36 in); record length is more than 119 cm (47 in).

Crotaphytus collaris

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Scientific name. Crotaphytus collaris

Common Name. Eastern Collared Lizard

General information. This wary lizard is quick to take cover and can easily jump from rock to rock or run away on their hind limbs. When escape is not possible, collared lizards will try to appear threatening with its mouth open ready to bite. This lizard species is diurnal and a hearty eater, consuming insects, spiders, snakes, and smaller lizards. It may run on its hind limbs in pursuit of prey.

Protected status. The Eastern Collared Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slender neck and large, broad head Black throat lining Rounded body with small scales.

Coloration. Dorsal ground color varies with age, sex and location from dark green to blue or light brown to pale yellow. Head, body, legs, and tail are sprinkled with small white spots. Darker red, yellow, or brown bands across body may be present Two black collar markings are distinctive Vibrant green dorsal coloration of males generally more vivid than females. Males with yellow or orange throats Females have red spots on sides and neck when gravid.

General distribution. In North America, Crotaphytus collaris is found from eastern Missouri west to Utah and south to Texas and northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Crotaphytus collaris is found in the central and western portions of the state.

Habitat. The eastern collared lizard lives and basks among rock piles in arid or semi-arid environments. This lizard also prefers limestone ledges which provide many crevices for protection and open spaces for running.

Reproduction. Breeding takes place from April to June with egg clutches (4-24) laid in loose, sandy soil or burrows around July. The young are distinctively marked with dark cross bands which fade with age.

Size. Adult Crotaphytus collaris grow to lengths of 20-35 cm (8-14 in), including tail.

Crotaphytus reticulatus

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Scientific name. Crotaphytus reticulatus

Common Name. Reticulate Collared Lizard

General information. This diurnal lizard is quick and active. This lizard species often basks atop rocks and fence posts (where it is quite conspicuous) and will shelters beneath debris and in burrows. Reticulate collared lizards feed on insects, spiders, small reptiles, and small mammals.

Protected status. The Reticulate Collared Lizard is considered an threatened species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state.

Diagnostic features. Large head and slender neck Long, slightly flattened tail (twice the length of the head and body). Strong limbs, with hind limbs longer than forelimbs

Coloration. Gray or brown ground color with light colored network of lines on dorsal surface Symmetric black spots fill in some of the pattern of the dorsal surface Cream-colored ventral surface Males have black collar markings and yellow chest and forelegs during breeding season Females have pink throats and red bars on sides of the body when gravid.

General distribution. In North America, Crotaphytus reticulatus is found in the Rio Grande Valley of south Texas and Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Crotaphytus reticulatus is found along the Rio Grande in the southern portion of the state, excluding the coastal areas.

Habitat. The reticulate collared lizard occupies a variety of habitats, which include rock piles, escarpments, burrows in brushy environments.

Reproduction. Breeding times are not known, but females lay eggs in midsummer months. The young are distinctively marked with yellow or orange bands and black spots.

Size. Adult Crotaphytus reticulatus can reach lengths of 20-42 cm (8-16.75 in).

Ctenosaura pectinata

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Scientific name. Ctenosaura pectinata

Common Name. Mexican Spiny-tailed Iguana

General information. This diurnal lizard is very wary and will hide under rocks or wood or climb a tree if approached. This species employs head bobbing for territorial and breeding displays. Mostly feeding on vegetation (leaves, flowers, stems, and fruit), Ctenosaura pectinata will occassionally eat small animals.

Protected status. The Mexican Spiny-tailed Iguana is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. This is the largest species of lizard found in Texas Broad head with tapering snout; long tail (about twice the length of the head and body) Small, smooth scales with row of keeled scales down back and length of tail; keeled scales on tail form rings. Legs tend to be of darker color with long toes and sharp claws

Coloration. Dorsal surface is gray, brown, or yellow-brown with faint crossbars on body Ventral surface is yellow or olive. Tail has bands of yellow and brown.

General distribution. In North America, Ctenosaura pectinata is a native of western Mexico, but has been introduced in extreme south Texas as well as southeastern Florida.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Ctenosaura pectinata is found exclusively around the Brownsville area in south Texas.

Habitat. Ctenosaura pectinata typically occupies a sandy or rocky habitat with plenty of crevices to hide in. The spiny tail iguana can be found on rock walls and in tree hollows, as well as on rock piles, wood piles and trash piles.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs in early spring and egg clutches are laid in April and May. The female lays up to 50 eggs in burrows.

Size. Ctenosaura pectinata can grow up to 1.2 m (48 in).

Cyrtopodion scabrum

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Cyrtopodion scabrum

Common Name. Rough-tailed Gecko

General information. This nocturnal gecko seems to have similar habits to Hemidactylus turcicus (e.g., living on building, eating insects), but little else is known.

Protected status. The Rough-tailed Gecko is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slightly elongated snout. Long toes Slightly flattened tail

Coloration. Beige dorsal surface with brown spots White ventral surface Tail with dark brown bands.

General distribution. In North America, Cyrtopodion scabrum is found only in the Galveston area, where it was presumably introduced by boats originating in northern Africa or the Middle East.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Cyrtopodion scabrum is restricted to Galveston Island.

Habitat. A native of Egypt, Sudan and India, this introduced species of gecko now makes its home in urban areas, in and on buildings.

Reproduction. Not known.

Size. Cyrtopodion scabrum reaches adult lengths of ~11.5 cm (4.5 in).

Deirochelys reticularia

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Deirochelys reticularia

Common Name. Chicken Turtle

General information. Chicken turtles are omnivores, eating vegetation as well as crayfish, fish, and tadpoles. This turtle species draws food items into its mouth with suction, effective at capturing moving prey. Hatchlings are thought to be more carnivorous, becoming omnivorous with age. This species may be found out of water walking, often prompted by drought and can be a conspicuous basking turtle.

Protected status. The Chicken Turtle is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Long neck; head and neck length equal to length of plastron (80% carapace) Plastron unhinged. Carapace lacks keel or posterior serration, but with fine line-like ridges. Jaw is not hooked or notched. Webbed toes.

Coloration. Carapace dark green to tan, with light netlike pattern on shell Plastron yellow, may have pigment along seams of scutes. Each forearm with broad yellow stripe. Hind legs are vertically striped (wearing “striped pants”). Skin color olive to brown.

General distribution. In North America, Deirochelys reticularia is found across the southeastern United States, from Texas and Louisiana to Virginia and Florida.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the single subspecies of Deirochelys reticularia found in Texas, Deirochelys r. miaria, is restricted to the wetter eastern quarter of the state.

Habitat. A freshwater species, the Chicken Turtle is at home in still water swamps, ponds and lakes. This species is not typically found in moving water habitats.

Reproduction. Nesting can occur year-round but is concentrated from January to March. Multiple clutches of eggs are laid each year, each consisting of 5-15 eggs. Incubation is 75-115 days.

Size. Deirochelys reticularia reach a maximum shell length of 25 cm (10 in); average adult turtles measure 10-15 cm (4-6 in).

Dermochelys coriacea

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Scientific name. Dermochelys coriacea

Common Name. Leatherback Sea Turtle

General information. Leatherback Sea Turtles are known for following floating schools of jellyfish, their favorite and primary food source. Much about their natural history and daily life cycle is unknown, however they can be found in cool waters, waters too cool for any other species of seaturtle.

Protected status. The Leatherback Sea Turtle is considered an endangered species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state. Additional protection has been afforded to this species as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service considers the leatherback seaturtle to be a federally endangered species.

Diagnostic features. Lyre-shaped, smooth carapace, with no horny scutes, tapers to point at rear. Carapace covered in leathery skin. Toothlike cusp on each side of jaw.

Coloration. Carapace black to brown Small scattered yellow or white blotches may be present on carapace. Head and neck black with blotches (yellow, white, pink). Limbs black with minor and small white spots.

General distribution. In North America, Dermochelys coriacea is found along the Atlantic Coast from Newfoundland to the southern Gulf Coast. They are also found along the Pacific Coast from southern Washington to Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Dermochelys coriacea has been found at several locations along the Gulf Coast.

Habitat. Primarily a pelagic species, Leatherback Sea Turtles are occasionally found in shallow waters and bays.

Reproduction. Nesting occurs March to July. Nesting is uncommonly reported from South Padre Island, Texas. Females average six clutches per year, but only laying eggs every two to three years. Clutch size ranges between 50-166 eggs. Incubation is 50-75 days.

Size. Dermochelys coriacea is the largest living turtle, reaching lengths in excess of 2.4 m (8 ft).

Desmognathus auriculatus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Desmognathus auriculatus

Common Name. Southern Dusky Salamander

General information. Nocturnal, Desmognathus auriculatus remains under the protective cover of debris during the day. When threatened, D. auriculatus may leap great distances to avoid capture. It may also lighten or darken its color to improve camouflage.

Protected status. The Southern Dusky Salamander is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Stocky salamander with a head that narrows toward snout. Hind limbs larger than forelimbs. Fourteen costal grooves. Tail stout at base and laterally compressed at tip. No internal or external lungs.

Coloration. Dark brown or black on dorsal and ventral surfaces. Series of red or white dots in rows along sides between forelimbs and hind limbs.

General distribution. In the United States, Desmognathus auriculatus is found in a continuous band along the East and Gulf Coasts from Virginia to Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Desmognathus auriculatus is found in the central and southern portions of east Texas.

Habitat. Desmognathus auriculatus prefers moist, acidic environments, such as those found in swamps, ponds, and floodplains in wooded areas with decomposing organic material.

Reproduction. Breeding in Desmognathus auriculatus occurs from September to October. Females lay eggs under moist debris.

Size. Desmognathus auriculatus can reach an adult total length of 7.5-16 cm (3-6.2 in).

Diadophis punctatus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Diadophis punctatus

Common Name. Ring-necked Snake

General information. Diadophis punctatus are not dangerous to humans, being too small to bite a person and are not known to even try when handled. They are venomous to their prey, however, as they are able to introduce venomous secretions into their prey by chewing on the prey item. Prey items are typically reptilian, either small snakes or lizards, but insects and earthworms are also eaten. In areas of abundant salamanders, they too are consumed by ring-necked snakes.

Protected status. The Ring-necked Snake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Three subspecies in the state are distinguished from each other by presence/absence of a light-colored collar, number of dorsal scale rows at midbody, and pigmentation pattern (if any) on the belly of the snake. All ringneck subspecies have smooth scales and a divided anal plate.

Coloration. Called “ring-necked” because of light colored (cream) collar just behind the head Entire dorsal surface, save light collar, is a plain olive or gray color Belly is yellow or orange, with color intensity highest on the underside of the tail (caudal scales), which is often brick red or orange.

General distribution. There are 12 subspecies of Diadophis punctatus recognized in North America. They are found throughout much of the U.S., save the upper midwestern states, as well as Colorado, Wyoming and Montana. Diadophis punctatus also extends well into Mexico, along each side of the Sierra Madre Oriental.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Diadophis punctatus is found everywhere in the state except south Texas (south of San Antonio).

Habitat. The Ring-necked Snake is an attractive olive colored snake often found seeking refuge under rocks and logs. Much more common in areas of higher moisture, they are found sporadically through the drier areas of Texas, including some of the moister areas of the Chihuahuan Desert. In the east, ring-necked snakes are much more common than in the west and more than two or three snakes will often be found together under stones or logs in a wide variety of moist habitats. In the west, ring-necked snakes are restricted to the moister areas of available habitat, seeking refuge in river bottoms, rock crevices or under fallen yucca logs.

Reproduction. Egg laying occurs in June or July when clutches of one to eight eggs are deposited. Young can emerge as soon as five weeks later, measuring 9-14 cm (3.5-5.5 in) in length.

Size. Adult Ring-necked Snakes found in Texas, but outside of the Trans-Pecos, typically measure 25.5-35.5 cm (10-14 in) in length; Diadophis p. regalis, is much larger than the other two Texas subspecies, with adults averaging 38-46 cm (15-18 in) in length.

Drymarchon melanurus

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Scientific name. Drymarchon melanurus

Common Name. Central American Indigo Snake

General information. Often active in the mornings, indigo snakes are voracious foragers that actively search for anything small enough to swallow, including other large snakes (including rattlesnakes) and birds. In fact, one indigo snake was found to have recently eaten three mice, two small snapping turtles, and two toads. When captured, indigos may bite repeatedly and release foul smelling musk and feces to instigate their release. Indigos may also hiss, vibrate their tail, and flatten their necks vertically to appear “dangerous”.

Protected status. The Central American Indigo Snake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Dorsal scales are smooth (though large adult males may have a couple of keeled rows) and in 17 rows near midbody Anal plate is undivided

Coloration. Central American Indigo Snakes are easily identified by their thick, shiny black bodies Their dorsal surface color is translucent black or blue-black, from which their common name of “indigo” comes Belly scales are also blue-gray The head and chin often are reddish or orange brown, with the head also having at times prominent dark lines radiating downward from the eye.

General distribution. Central American Indigo Snakes are found from the southern U.S., through Central America, and in southern South America. Drymarchon melanurus is found from Texas south through Central America to Venezuela. Another species of indigo snake, Drymarchon couperi, is found in Florida and in adjacent Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia. The third indigo snake species, Drymarchon corais is found only in South America.

Texas distribution. Drymarchon m. erebennus is found throughout much of the southern third of Texas, found as far north as San Antonio and Del Rio.

Habitat. Central American Indigo Snake are restricted to the riparian areas found in the remaining areas of mesquite savanna and thorn brush woodland left in south Texas. They can be found lying along canal banks or coiled in the lower branches of trees overhanging ponds or streams.

Reproduction. Mating takes place in the winter with eggs laid in the spring. Up to 12 eggs are deposited and the young hatchlings appear about 80 days later, measuring up to 66 cm (26 in) long and possessing more red coloration towards their heads than do the adults.

Size. Central American Indigo Snakes are typically between (3-8 ft) although they have found measuring over (100 in) and weighing around (5-6 lbs) in weight.

Drymobius margaritiferus

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Scientific name. Drymobius margaritiferus

Common Name. Speckled Racer

General information. Drymobius margaritiferus is a diurnal forager and searches damp areas for prey that primarily consists of frogs and toads. It is a fast moving, nonvenomous snake that can be difficult to catch. If captured or cornered, however, this snake can inflict a bite.

Protected status. The Speckled Racer is listed as threatened by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is protected in the state of Texas.

Diagnostic features. Scales are faintly keeled along several middorsal rows, with 17 scale rows at midbody. Subcaudal scales and ventral plates bordered in black posteriorly Divided anal plate

Coloration. Dorsal scales are black-edged with a yellow spot in the center and a blue base creating the appearance of an overall greenish hue. Ventral surface white to yellow to green.

General distribution. In North America, Drymobius margaritiferus is found from extreme South Texas along the Gulf Coast into Mexico and Central America.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Drymobius margaritiferus present in Texas, D. m. margaritiferus, is found in the extreme southern part of the state.

Habitat. Found in dense thickets and palm groves with plenty of plant debris, Drymobius margaritiferus is almost always near a water source.

Reproduction. Eggs, as many as 8, are deposited anytime from mid-spring to late summer. Incubation lasts about 8 weeks and hatchlings are 15 cm (6 in) long and vividly colored.

Size. Drymobius margaritiferus can reach adult lengths of 75-100 cm (30-40 in).

Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides

Common Name. Rio Grande Chirping Frog

General information. Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides is nocturnal and remains under cover during the day. Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides darts quickly under cover and can run as well as leap and hop.

Protected status. The Rio Grande Chirping Frog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Flat, elongated body with pointed snout Toe pads and tubercles on toes

Coloration. Dorsal color varies from brown, gray, or yellow-green with dark spots present on dorsal surface. Ventral surface with translucent skin Dark crossbar pattern on hind limbs.

General distribution. In North America, Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides is found from south Texas to northeast Mexico.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides found in Texas, E. c. campi, is naturally found only in extreme south Texas; populations have been introduced around San Antonio, Houston, and La Grange.

Habitat. Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides makes its home in palm groves, backyard gardens, and irrigation ditches.

Reproduction. Breeding in Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides takes place in April and May; females lay no more than 12 large eggs.

Size. Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides grows to an adult size of 1.5-2.5 cm (0.5-1 in).

Calls.

Eleutherodactylus guttilatus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Eleutherodactylus guttilatus

Common Name. Spotted Chirping Frog

General information. Eleutherodactylus guttilatus is nocturnal and remains under cover during the day. This frog tends to walk rather than hop, but can run when disturbed. Eleutherodactylus guttilatus feeds on insects and spiders.

Protected status. The Spotted Chirping Frog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Flat body with large, flattened head. Smooth skin with dark worm-like pattern on dorsal surface

Coloration. Dorsal coloration varies from yellow to brown. Dark crossbars present on hind limbs. Dark bar between eyes.

General distribution. In North America, Eleutherodactylus guttilatus is found in the Big Bend region of Texas and the adjacent state of Coahuila, Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Eleutherodactylus guttilatus is known from only a handful of localities in Brewster, Jeff Davis, and Presidio Counties.

Habitat. Eleutherodactylus guttilatus prefers canyons, springs, and caves.

Reproduction. Breeding in Eleutherodactylus guttilatus occurs from February to May; females lay less than 16 large eggs.

Size. Eleutherodactylus guttilatus grows to an adult length of 2-3 cm (0.75-1.25 in).

Calls.

Eleutherodactylus marnockii

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Eleutherodactylus marnockii

Common Name. Cliff Chirping Frog

General information. Eleutherodactylus marnockii is nocturnal. This species can run, as well as leap and hop, to seek shelter and will quickly (and easily) slip into cracks to evade predators.

Protected status. The Cliff Chirping Frog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Flattened head and body, with a proportionately large head and a wide space between the eyes

Coloration. Dorsal coloration has a greenish ground color with brown mottling. Crossbar pattern is also present on hind limbs.

General distribution. In North America, Eleutherodactylus marnockii is found in south-central Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Eleutherodactylus marnockii is restricted to the Hill Country and Edwards Plateau.

Habitat. Eleutherodactylus marnockii is frequently found in limestone cliff crevices and cracks.

Reproduction. Breeding in Eleutherodactylus marnockii peaks in April and May, but egg deposition may occur from February to December; females may lay eggs up to three times a year.

Size. Eleutherodactylus marnockii reaches an adult length around 2-4 cm (0.75-1.5 in).

Calls.

Eleutherodactylus planirostris

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Eleutherodactylus planirostris

Common Name. Greenhouse Frog

General information. Primarily nocturnal, the Greenhouse Frog seeks shelter under vegetation during the day. Essentially any refuge providing a moist microclimate is suitable for this species: greenhouses, dumps, trash piles, and animal burrows. This terrestrial species feeds on ants, beetles, roaches and other small invertebrates.

Protected status. The Greenhouse Frog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Flat, elongated body with pointed snout Lack of webbing between the toes

Coloration. Brown dorsally, with reddish tones White belly Reddish eyes Two pattern classes: Striped, with longitudinal light-colored stripes Mottled, with dark and light irregular markings.

General distribution. Native to Cuba, but introduced to many islands around the Caribbean as well as the United States (Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas), and Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, this species has been introduced to Galveston Island.

Habitat. In its native habitat, the Greenhouse Frog lives in moist valleys and along small streams.

Reproduction. Breeds May through September during rainy season. Lay eggs under vegetation or debris. Development (tadpole to froglet) takes place entirely within the egg.

Size. Adult Eleutherodactylus planirostris grow to 1.5-3 cm (0.5-1.2 in) total length.

Calls.

Eretmochelys imbricata

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Eretmochelys imbricata

Common Name. Hawksbill Sea Turtle

General information. A diurnal species, the Hawksbill Sea Turtle spends the day feeding and resting around coral reefs. This species is an omnivore, but with a major preference for sponges.

Protected status. The Hawksbill Sea Turtle is considered an endangered species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state. Additional protection has been afforded to this species as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service considers the hawksbill seaturtle to be a federally endangered species.

Diagnostic features. Broad, long shield-shaped carapace with four pair of pleural scutes (the first pair not in contact with 1st cervical scute) Scutes are overlapping in juveniles. Keel present on last four vertebral scutes. Posterior edge of carapace serrated. Unhinged plastron that may have two longitudinal ridges that are lost with age in addition to dark blotches Four poreless inframarginals along bridge. Head with two pairs of prefrontals and four postocular scales. Snout, like raptor, is long and narrow (beak-like), without a notch. Paddle-like front limbs with two claws.

Coloration. Carapace dark green to brown; tortoise-shell pattern in juveniles Plastron yellow; bridge yellow. Skin often brown, gray or black and is darker dorsally (with yellow or cream color ventrally). Head black to brown with scales lighter towards their edge. Chin and throat yellow and neck dark.

General distribution. In North America, Eretmochelys imbricata is restricted to the warmer waters of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, from southern California to Mexico, and southern New England to the Caribbean.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the single subspecies of Eretmochelys imbricata found in Texas, E. i. imbricata, is known from several localities along the Texas Gulf Coast.

Habitat. The Hawksbill Sea Turtle is frequently found around reefs and rocky habitats in shallow waters.

Reproduction. Nesting in hawksbill seaturtles peaks between May and July. Females may only lay eggs every two or three years, having up to four clutches during that year. Clutch size averages 160 eggs and incubation is 60-70 days.

Size. Eretmochelys imbricata reach adult lengths of 75-90 cm (30-36 in).

Eurycea chisholmensis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Eurycea chisholmensis

Common Name. Salado Salamander

General information. The Salado Salamander is completely aquatic, found in the vicinity of spring outflows, under rocks or in gravel substrate. Captive animals known to feed on amphipods.

Protected status. The Salado Salamander is listed as a federally threatened species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and can not be collected without a federally issued permit.

Diagnostic features. Flat head is long, with blunt and rounded snout. Eyes reduced Reddish-brown external gills. Well-developed tail fins Four toes on front feet, five on hind feet. Fifteen or sixteen costal grooves.

Coloration. Grayish-brown dorsal ground color with slight cinnamon tinge; a few light flecks may be present across dorsal surface Dorsal pigmentation appears as series of fine reticulations under microscope Sides of body and limbs cream-colored, with sides finely speckled and limbs densely speckled brown Head and face cream-colored with scattered flecks Gold stripe prominent on dorsal part of tail Sides of tail speckled with yellow; ventral tail surface with pale yellow line Ventral surface immaculate (and transparent).

General distribution. The entire distribution of Eurycea chisholmensis is restricted to two springs near Salado (Bell Co.), Texas.

Texas distribution. Eurycea chisholmensis is known from Big Boiling and Robertson Springs at Salado, Bell County, Texas.

Habitat. Strictly aquatic, Eurycea chisholmensis is found only in two springs in Bell County.

Reproduction. Little is known about reproduction in this species. Juveniles are miniature versions of the adults.

Size. Maximum adult size in Eurycea chisholmensis is around 6 cm (2.25 in) total length.

Eurycea latitans

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Eurycea latitans

Common Name. Cascade Caverns Salamander

General information. The Cascade Caverns Salamander is an obligate aquatic species living in freshwater caves and streams.

Protected status. The Cascade Caverns Salamander is considered a threatened species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state.

Diagnostic features. Stout body and limbs Flattened snout and sloping forehead Eyes beneath surface of skin. External gills. Four toes on front feet, five on hind feet. Fourteen or fifteen costal grooves.

Coloration. Pale, almost translucent with tan/brown netlike pattern White specks may be present.

General distribution. Eurycea latitans is found only in the subterranean water of Cascade Caverns in Kendall County, Texas.

Texas distribution. Eurycea latitans is found only in the subterranean water of Cascade Caverns in Kendall County, Texas.

Habitat. Strictly aquatic, Eurycea latitans lives in freshwater cave pools and streams.

Reproduction. Little is known about reproduction in this species. Eggs are likely similar to other Eurycea observed in captivity: eggs laid singly, clutch sizes b/w 20–50.

Size. Maximum adult size in Eurycea latitans is 5-10 cm (2-4 in) total length.

Eurycea nana

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Eurycea nana

Common Name. San Marcos Salamander

General information. Little is known. Individuals live in mats of blue-green alga that covers the stream bed and beneath rocks and gravel.

Protected status. The San Marcos Salamander is considered a threatened species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state. Additional protection has been afforded to this species as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service considers the San Marcos salamander to be a federally threatened species.

Diagnostic features. Slender body and limbs with a finned tail. Small eyes with dark rings around them. Light-colored external gills. Four toes on front feet, five on hind feet. Sixteen or seventeen costal grooves.

Coloration. Light brown with small yellow spots arranged in a row down each side of the back. Pale yellow, translucent ventral surface.

General distribution. Eurycea nana is only found in Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Eurycea nana is restricted to Hays County.

Habitat. Strictly aquatic, Eurycea nana may be seen among algae in the spring-fed pool at head of the San Marcos River.

Reproduction. Little has been published on reproduction. In captivity, eggs deposited singly on moss and filamentous algae (and on rocks and glass marbles). Clutch sizes averaged 33 eggs.

Size. Eurycea nana reach an adult size of 3-5 cm (1.5-2 in) total length.

Eurycea naufragia

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Eurycea naufragia

Common Name. Georgetown Salamander

General information. The Georgetown Salamander is completely aquatic, found in the vicinity of spring outflows, under rocks or in gravel substrate.

Protected status. The Georgetown Salamander is listed as a federally threatened species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and can not be collected without a federally issued permit.

Diagnostic features. Broad but short head with large eyes Deep red external gills. Weakly developed tail fin Four toes on front feet, five on hind feet. Fourteen to sixteen costal grooves.

Coloration. Gray dorsal ground color with light brown streak along midline, from head to base of tail Dark pigment scattered across body, forming a netlike pattern Pigment also present on palms of feet and lower jaw. Ventral surface immaculate (and transparent) Golden-yellow tail with some mottled pigment May be 1-3 rows of iridiophores on lateral surface.

General distribution. The entire distribution of Eurycea naufragia is restricted to springs and one cave in Williamson County, Texas.

Texas distribution. Eurycea naufragia is known from springs associated with the drainages of the south, middle , and north forks of the San Gabriel River near Georgetown (Williamson County), Texas.

Habitat. Strictly aquatic, Eurycea naufragia is found only in a handful of springs of Williamson County.

Reproduction. Unknown. Juveniles are miniature versions of the adults.

Size. Maximum adult size in Eurycea naufragia is around 6 cm (2.25 in) total length.

Eurycea neotenes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Eurycea neotenes

Common Name. Texas Salamander

General information. Eurycea neotenes remains under rocks and among the rock cobbles at the bottom of stream beds.

Protected status. The Texas Salamander is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slender body with short limbs. Bright red external gills. Finned tail. Four toes on front feet, five on hind feet Fifteen to seventeen costal grooves.

Coloration. Light brown to yellow with brown mottling. Two rows of lighter flecks on each side of body Dark bar from eye to nostril Pale cream-colored, translucent ventral surface.

General distribution. Eurycea neotenes is restricted to central Texas.

Texas distribution. Eurycea neotenes is only found along the Balcones Escarpment from Comal County to Val Verde County.

Habitat. Strictly aquatic, Eurycea neotenes is found in subterranean streams and creek headwaters.

Reproduction. Little is known about reproduction in this species. One courtship sequence recorded in the lab took almost three hours from start to finish. Gravid females have been collected in the spring and early summer.

Size. Eurycea neotenes grows to adult lengths of 5-10 cm (2-4 in) total length.

Eurycea paludicola

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Eurycea paludicola

Common Name. Dwarf Salamander

General information. Eurycea paludicola remains under vegetative cover most of the time.

Protected status. The Dwarf Salamander is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slender body and tail. Small head with large, protruding eyes. No external gills. Relatively long tail (as much as 1 1/2 times the head-body length). Four toes on ALL feet. Fourteen to seventeen costal grooves.

Coloration. Yellow-brown with dark stripes down each side of the back extending onto tail, though color and pattern can vary widely.

General distribution. In North America, Eurycea paludicola is found in the Coastal Plains states from North Carolina to Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Eurycea paludicola is found throughout east Texas.

Habitat. Eurycea paludicola prefers moist, debris-covered areas and swampy areas in pine woods.

Reproduction. Breeding in Eurycea paludicola occurs in the fall months. Females lay 12-48 eggs and attach them singly or in small clutches to submerged debris in shallow water.

Size. Eurycea paludicola can grow to an adult size of 5-9 cm (2-3.5 in) total length.

Eurycea pterophila

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Eurycea pterophila

Common Name. Fern Bank Salamander

General information. NA

Protected status. The Fern Bank Salamander is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slender body with short limbs. Reddish-brown external gills. Tail with fin. Four toes on front feet, five on hind feet Sixteen costal grooves.

Coloration. Mottled brown and yellow dorsal body color; ventral surface of body and chin pale yellow. Tail fin bordered by dull orange stripe

General distribution. Eurycea pterophila is restricted to central Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Eurycea pterophila is found in Blanco and Hays counties.

Habitat. The Fern Bank Salamander is found in springs and seeps within the Blanco River drainage

Reproduction. Thought to deposit eggs in gravel substrates. Juveniles are miniature versions of adults

Size. Eurycea pterophila grows to adult lengths of 3.0-3.6 cm (1.2-1.4 in) total length.

Eurycea rathbuni

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Eurycea rathbuni

Common Name. Texas Blind Salamander

General information. Eurycea rathbuni feeds on a variety of invertebrates, including shrimp, snails, and amphipods.

Protected status. The Texas Blind Salamander is considered an endangered species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state. Additional protection has been afforded to this species as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service considers the Texas blind salamander to be a federally endangered species.

Diagnostic features. Large head with flattened snout. Reduced, vestigial eyes beneath the surface of the skin. Bright red external gills. Thin, elongate limbs; four toes on front feet, five on hind feet. Finned tail tapering at tip. Twelve costal grooves

Coloration. White to pale pink with translucent skin.

General distribution. Eurycea rathbuni is restricted to two counties in Texas.

Texas distribution. Eurycea rathbuni is found only in the Balcones Escarpment near San Marcos, Hays County.

Habitat. Eurycea rathbuni is found in the subterranean streams of the Purgatory Creek system, and is only found above ground when water flow brings it to the surface.

Reproduction. Little is known for Eurycea rathbuni, except that gravid females can be observed throughout the year.

Size. Adult Eurycea rathbuni can measure between 9-13.5 cm (3.5-5.5 in) total length.

Eurycea robusta

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Eurycea robusta

Common Name. Blanco Blind Salamander

General information. Unknown. Only a single specimen flushed from the aquifer has ever been collected.

Protected status. The Blanco Blind Salamander is listed as a threatened species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state.

Diagnostic features. Large head with flattened snout. Reduced, vestigial eyes beneath the surface of the skin. Bright red external gills. Thin, elongate limbs; four toes on front feet, five on hind feet Finned tail tapering at tip. Twelve costal grooves.

Coloration. White to pale pink with translucent skin

General distribution. Eurycea robusta is restricted to Texas.

Texas distribution. Eurycea robusta has been found only in the Balcones Aquifer near the Blanco River in Hays County, Texas.

Habitat. Because Eurycea robusta was only seen once while drilling in a streambed, it is guessed that this salamander species inhabits subterranean streams.

Reproduction. Unknown.

Size. The only known specimen of Eurycea robusta measured 10 cm (4 in) total length.

Eurycea sosorum

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Eurycea sosorum

Common Name. Barton Springs Salamander

General information. Eurycea sosorum feeds on amphipods, earthworms, and brine shrimp. It is thought to be mostly a surface dweller, but it is able to live underground.

Protected status. The Barton Springs Salamander is considered an endangered species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state. Additional protection has been afforded to this species as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service considers the Barton Springs salamander to be a federally endangered species.

Diagnostic features. Slender body with flattened snout. Three pair bright red external gills. Elongated limbs Four toes on front feet, five on hind feet. Fifteen costal grooves.

Coloration. Yellowish-cream ground color with olive brown mottling Relatively short, finned tail with narrow orange-yellow stripe. Creamy, translucent ventral surface.

General distribution. Eurycea sosorum is restricted to Texas.

Texas distribution. Eurycea sosorum is found only in the Barton Springs pool area in Austin, Texas.

Habitat. Strictly aquatic, Eurycea sosorum may be found among rubble in the spring outflow at Barton Springs.

Reproduction. Little is known for Eurycea sosorum, but recently hatched young have been found in the months of November, March, and April.

Size. Eurycea sosorum reaches maximum adult total length between 2-4 cm (1-1.5 in).

Eurycea tonkawae

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Eurycea tonkawae

Common Name. Jollyville Plateau Salamander

General information. The Jollyville Plateau Salamander is found only in the vicinity of spring outflows, either under rocks or in gravel substrates. Abundance is positively correlated with suitable areas of cobble, but negatively correlated with urbanization. Feeds on small invertebrates such as copepods and ostracods.

Protected status. The Jollyville Plateau Salamander is listed as a federally threatened species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and can not be collected without a federally issued permit.

Diagnostic features. Broad head with blunt and rounded snout. Well-developed eyes Deeply red external gills. Well-developed tail fins Four toes on front feet, five on hind feet. Fourteen to sixteen costal grooves.

Coloration. Dark greenish-brown dorsal ground color Light brown streak along midline, beginning from diamond-shaped blotch on head to base of tail Head and face yellow Ventral surface immaculate (and transparent) Tail and dorsal tail fin yellow-orange with some mottled pigment In some animals, 1-3 rows of iridiophores on lateral surface.

General distribution. The entire distribution of Eurycea tonkawae is restricted to the springs and caves of northern Travis and southern Williamson Counties, Texas.

Texas distribution. Eurycea tonkawae can only be found in certain springs and caves of northern Travis and southern Williamson Counties, Texas.

Habitat. Strictly aquatic, Eurycea tonkawae is found springs and caves of Travis and Williamson Counties.

Reproduction. Little is known about reproduction in this species. Juveniles are miniature versions of the adults.

Size. Maximum adult size in Eurycea tonkawae is around 6 cm (2.25 in) total length.

Eurycea tridentifera

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Eurycea tridentifera

Common Name. Comal Blind Salamander

General information. The Comal Blind Salamander is strictly aquatic and is found in the underground waters of limestone caves. Likely feeds on small aquatic invertebrates. Some researches hypothesize they may eat bat guano and insects parts within the guano.

Protected status. The Comal Blind Salamander is considered a threatened species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state.

Diagnostic features. Slender body Large head with sloping forehead and flattened snout. Reduced eyes under surface of skin. Bright red external gills. Elongated limbs and finned tail. Four toes on front feet, five on hind feet. Eleven or twelve costal grooves.

Coloration. White or yellowish with translucent skin.

General distribution. Eurycea tridentifera is only found in Texas.

Texas distribution. Eurycea tridentifera is found only in Bexar and Comal Counties of Texas.

Habitat. Strictly aquatic, Eurycea tridentifera is found in the underground waters of limestone caves.

Reproduction. Little is known for Eurycea tridentifera, other than seven to eighteen eggs are laid.

Size. Eurycea tridentifera can grow to a maximum adult size of 8.5 cm (3.4 in) total length.

Eurycea troglodytes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Eurycea troglodytes

Common Name. Valdina Farms Salamander

General information. The Valdina Farms Salamander is an aquatic species found in caves and springs, thought to feed on small aquatic invertebrates, but terrestrial invertebrates have been found in stomachs of transformed individuals.

Protected status. The Valdina Farms Salamander is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slender body. Large head with flat forehead. Reduced eyes partially under surface of skin Bright red external gills. Elongated limbs. Four toes on front feet, five on hind feet. Thirteen to seventeen costal grooves.

Coloration. Light gray or cream colored with translucent skin Pale yellow stripes may be present on sides and top of tail.

General distribution. Eurycea troglodytes is only found in Texas.

Texas distribution. Eurycea troglodytes is found only in Medina County, Texas.

Habitat. Strictly aquatic, Eurycea troglodytes is found in underground waters within its range.

Reproduction. Not much is known, though thought to be similar to other Eurycea in central Texas: lay eggs in gravel substrate, juveniles miniature versions of adults.

Size. Eurycea troglodytes grows to an adult size of 5-7.5 cm (2-3 in) total length.

Eurycea waterlooensis

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Scientific name. Eurycea waterlooensis

Common Name. Austin Blind Salamander

General information. Little is known from wild populations. Obligately aquatic, lives in the aquifer. A majority of observations occur November to January. An adult flushed from the aquifer defecated remains of amphipods, copepods, ostracods, and plant material.

Protected status. The Austin Blind Salamander is listed as a federally endangered species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and can not be collected without a federally issued permit.

Diagnostic features. Snout elongate and flattened Body flattened ventrally External eyes absent External gills. Weakly developed tail fins Four toes on front feet, five on hind feet. Twelve costal grooves.

Coloration. Pearly white luster dorsally with light distribution of pigment across entire dorsal surface Ventral surface white and unpigmented.

General distribution. Eurycea waterlooensis is found only in the outlets of Barton Springs in Travis County, Texas.

Texas distribution. Eurycea waterlooensis is found only at three of the four outlets of Barton Springs (Parthenia, Eliza, and Sunken Gardens Springs) in Travis County, Texas.

Habitat. Strictly aquatic, Eurycea waterlooensis likely spends most of its life underground in the subterranean cavities of the Edwards Aquifer.

Reproduction. Unknown. Individuals raised in captivity from juveniles to adults in eight months.

Size. Maximum adult size in Eurycea waterlooensis is 6-7 cm (2-3 in) total length.

Farancia abacura

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Scientific name. Farancia abacura

Common Name. Red-bellied Mudsnake

General information. Red-bellied Mudsnakes are non-venomous and rarely bite when handled. They are nocturnal and at home in the water, but they will move over land between bodies of water. They can occasionally be seen basking in the early morning after emerging from burrows made in the muddy banks. Mudsnakes prefer to eat amphiumas, eels, and sirens, but are known to eat other salamanders, fish, and earthworms; their muscular head, jaw, and neck are essential for catching and subduing such slippery prey. Mud snakes have been known as horned snakes because of their tendency to press the hardened tip of their tail into their captor's flesh. They are also known as hoop snakes for the tendency to lie in a circular coil. Popular myth has them biting their own tails to complete a hoop and thus able to roll away from their attackers.

Protected status. The Red-bellied Mudsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Dorsal scales are smooth and glossy, except around the anal region where they are keeled. The anal plate is normally divided, yet some individuals have an undivided plate

Coloration. Distinctive color pattern with extensions of its all black dorsal surface mixing with with salmon color on the belly to produce a checkerboard pattern (on the tail, crossbands are formed).

General distribution. Farancia abacura is found in the southern United States, from Virginia to Florida, west to Texas, and north into the lower Mississippi River Valley.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies found in Texas, Farancia a. reinwardtii is restricted to the wetter portions in the eastern third of the state.

Habitat. Farancia abacura is found in wet lowlands, swamps, and other slow moving bodies of water.

Reproduction. Mating occurs in the spring with the female laying eggs in a burrow near the water in early to mid summer. It is thought that the female remains with the eggs to protect them during the eight to twelve week incubation period, leaving only to feed, shed, and defecate. The average clutch size is 32 and the hatchlings emerge from the eggs in September or October, measuring 16-27 cm (6.25-10.5 in). Young mudsnakes have a sharper tail tip than do the adults.

Size. Adult mudsnakes typically reach 102-137 cm (30-54 in), though some giants have been found measuring 207 cm (81 1/2 in).

Ficimia streckeri

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Scientific name. Ficimia streckeri

Common Name. Tamaulipan Hook-nosed Snake

General information. A nonvenomous snake, Ficimia streckeri feeds on invertebrates, primarily spiders and occasional centipedes. The is a slow moving species and an adapt burrower, often burrowing through the folds of a captor’s hands and into the soil below. They are not known to bite when handled, instead relying on an inventive way to startle an aggressor. Both species of hook-nosed snakes are known for creating a popping noise by everting and contracting its cloaca through its vent.

Protected status. The Tamaulipan Hook-nosed Snake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Divided anal plate Smooth scales, in rows of 23-25 at midbody, with apical pits

Coloration. A light brown or grey dorsal background with as many as 60 brown or olive blotches (narrow crossbands) found the length of the spine. Cream colored belly is contrasted slightly with the buff colored chin, labial scales, and lower edges of the dorsal surface Markings on the head are generally absent, though a large brown spot underneath the eye makes the eye appear much larger than normal.

General distribution. The Tamaulipan Hook-nosed Snake is found only in south Texas and adjacent northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Ficimia streckeri is found south of San Antonio, nearing the Gulf Coast in Cameron and Willacy Counties.

Habitat. Ficimia streckeri can be found in thornbrush woodlands in the lower Rio Grande valley, often seen near man-made water sources such as stock tanks and irrigation canals. They also can be found crossing roads at night.

Reproduction. Not much is known about the reproduction of this snake, other than it is egg-bearing.

Size. Adult Tamaulipan Hook-nosed Snakes usually measure 18-28 cm (7-11 in), with the record length being 48 cm (19 in).

Gambelia wislizenii

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Scientific name. Gambelia wislizenii

Common Name. Long-nosed Leopard Lizard

General information. The Long-nosed Leopard Lizard is quick and active. When hiding beneath widely spaced clumps of vegetation, this is a particularly difficult species to spot. Leopard lizards feed on insects, spiders, and small lizards, occasionally eating others of its own species. Leopard lizards will hiss when threatened and will bite.

Protected status. The Long-nosed Leopard Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slender lizard with an elongated head and black throat lining. Long, rounded tail (about twice the length of the head and body)

Coloration. Gray or brown ground color with dark brown or black spots on body, limbs, and tail Dorsal color varies with environment, temperature, and activity Pale colored ventral surface Females have red or orange bars or spots on side of body and underside of tail just before laying eggs.

General distribution. In North America, Gambelia wislizenii is found from California, Nevada and Utah to extreme west Texas and northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Gambelia wislizenii is found west of the Pecos River through Big Bend to El Paso.

Habitat. The Long-nosed Leopard Lizard occupies flat and arid habitats with loose, sandy soil and little vegetation.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs April-June with females laying 2-4 eggs in mid-summer and hatching in August.

Size. Gambelia wislizenii can reach an adult length (including tail) of 21-38 cm (8.5-15 in).

Gastrophryne carolinensis

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Scientific name. Gastrophryne carolinensis

Common Name. Eastern Narrow-mouthed Toad

General information. Gastrophyrne carolinensis feeds mainly on ants, but eats a variety of insects. It remains underground or hidden in debris during the day.

Protected status. The Eastern Narrow-mouthed Toad is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Small, oval body with smooth skin Small head with pointed snout and fold of skin immediately behind eyes Hind feet are not webbed; each foot with a single tubercle.

Coloration. Dorsal color varies with environment; may be brown, gray, or reddish. Dark spots in mottled pattern on dorsum may obscure dark dorsum with light stripes. Ventral surface is heavily mottled Adult males with dark throat.

General distribution. In North America, Gastrophyrne carolinensis is found throughout much of the southern United States.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Gastrophyrne carolinensis is found in the eastern half of the state.

Habitat. Gastrophyrne carolinensis prefers areas of ample moisture and cover and is often found near ponds with fallen logs and other debris.

Reproduction. Breeding in Gastrophyrne carolinensis takes place from March to September with rain; males call while floating in water with forelimbs resting on a stem or twig.

Size. Gastrophyrne carolinensis grows to an adult size of 2-4 cm (0.8-1.5 in).

Calls.

Gastrophryne olivacea

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Scientific name. Gastrophryne olivacea

Common Name. Great Plains Narrow-mouthed Toad

General information. Gastrophryne olivacea typically hides under rocks and other debris in damp places and feeds mainly on ants.

Protected status. The Great Plains Narrow-mouthed Toad is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Small, oval body with smooth skin Small head with pointed snout and fold of skin immediately behind eyes. Hind feet are not webbed; each foot with a single tubercle.

Coloration. Dorsal color varies with environment; can be gray, tan, or olive green. Small black spots may appear on dorsum Ventral surface light and unmarked Adult males with dark throat.

General distribution. In North America, Gastrophryne olivacea is found as far north as Nebraska and as far south as Tamaulipas, Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Gastrophryne olivacea is found in most of the state, except in far East Texas, the Panhandle, and the extreme western tip of Texas.

Habitat. Gastrophryne olivacea is seen in moist areas, in grasslands and on rocky slopes. Gastrophryne olivacea may also be found in rodent, reptile, and tarantula burrows.

Reproduction. Breeding in Gastrophryne olivacea occurs from March to September in rain-filled pools.

Size. Gastrophryne olivacea reaches an adult length of 2-4 cm (0.8-1.5 in).

Calls.

Gerrhonotus infernalis

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Scientific name. Gerrhonotus infernalis

Common Name. Texas Alligator Lizard

General information. Gerrhonotus infernalis is a diurnal lizard with slow and calculated movements. Gerrhonotus infernalis feeds on insects, spiders, and small vertebrates. When threatened, it may inflate itself in defense.

Protected status. The Texas Alligator Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Stiff lizard with large, platelike scales. Lateral grooves Strong tail, somewhat prehensile. Small, weak legs Yellow eyes with closable eyelids. External ear openings visible.

Coloration. Varies from ruddy yellow to reddish brown with dark cross-hatches on dorsal surface. Head and legs lighter and unmarked. Pale grey ventral surface.

General distribution. In North America, Gerrhonotus infernalis has a broad range in a band from the Edwards Plateau region of Texas west and south through Central Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Gerrhonotus infernalis is found in a band from Central Texas to the Big Bend area.

Habitat. Gerrhonotus infernalis can be found on rocky hillsides and wooded canyons.

Reproduction. Breeding and reproduction occur throughout the year in Gerrhonotus infernalis. Female egg brooding is exhibited.

Size. Adult Gerrhonotus infernalis can reach a total length of 25-50 cm (10-20 in).

Map. Map is based on museum voucher specimens; last updated 12 November 2014.

Gopherus berlandieri

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Scientific name. Gopherus berlandieri

Common Name. Texas Tortoise

General information. The Texas Tortoise may be active year-round in south Texas. Activity in this diurnal species is bimodal during the hot summers, with activity clustered in the first few hours of the morning as well as the last few hours of daylight. The Texas tortoise is herbivorous, preferring to feed on prickly pear cactus (stems, flowers and fruit) but also feeding on grasses and small annual plants.

Protected status. The Texas Tortoise is listed as threatened by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is protected from collection in the state of Texas.

Diagnostic features. Short, high-domed carapace with serrated posterior Growth rings present on scutes of both carapace and plastron, giving rough, ridged appearance. Unhinged plastron with prominent anterior gular projection. Males with concave posterior plastron; females with flat posterior plastron. Head wedge-shaped. Forelegs shovel-shaped and hind legs elephantine; all feet with gray claws. Thick scales on anterior edge of forelimbs, smooth skin on all other parts of limbs. Toes not webbed.

Coloration. Carapace gray to brown, with yellow centered (light-colored) scutes Plastron yellowish tan. Skin gray to yellowish-brown with no blotching or pigment patterns.

General distribution. In North America, Gopherus berlandieri is restricted to southern tip of Texas and northern Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, and San Luis Potosi.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Gopherus berlandieri, is found across the southern portion of the state, roughly in a line south of Del Rio - San Antonio.

Habitat. The Texas Tortoise is found the scrub and brushlands of south Texas, preferring habitat with sandy, well-draining soils.

Reproduction. Most nesting occurs during June and July, though eggs may be laid as late as September. Only one to three eggs are laid per nest, but females may lay as many as seven eggs during a single year (accounting for multiple nests). Incubation is 85-115 days.

Size. Gopherus berlandieri is the smallest tortoise species in North America. Adult G. berlandieri reach 23 cm (9 in) total length.

Graptemys caglei

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Scientific name. Graptemys caglei

Common Name. Cagle’s Map Turtle

General information. Like many map turtles, Cagle’s Map Turtle is a wary, diurnal species that prefers to bask on logs and rocks away from the river’s edge. The diet of this turtle is primarily insects and snails.

Protected status. Cagle’s Map Turtle is listed as threatened by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is protected in the state of Texas. This species is also listed as a C1 species by the US Fish and Wildlife Service.

Diagnostic features. Narrow head Flattened elliptical carapace with serrated posterior edge and vertebral keel of spine-like projections. Males with longer vertebral spines than females. Males with longer fingernails on forelimbs than females. Unhinged plastron with pigmented seams. Webbed feet.

Coloration. Distinct, light colored V-shaped marking on top of head; each arm of V descends and forms crescent behind eye Additional light colored stripes on top of dark head and neck. Limbs and tail also black with numerous stripes. Dark edged, light colored crescent or band across chin. Carapace brown to green, with each scute having yellow. Males with some pigment on plastron.

General distribution. In North America, Graptemys caglei is restricted to two watersheds in Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Graptemys caglei is known only in the San Antonio and Guadalupe River drainages, although this species may be extirpated from the San Antonio drainage.

Habitat. Cagle’s Map Turtle inhabits the Guadalupe River drainage, a river with relatively shallow depths, but this species has been found in pools along the river in depths up to 3 m.

Reproduction. Nesting is thought to be late spring through early summer with egg clutch sizes ranging from 1-6 and females possibly laying 2 or 3 clutches per year. Nests are dug immediately adjacent to the riverbank.

Size. Graptemys caglei is a small map turtle, reaching adult lengths of 7-12.5 cm (3-5 in) in males and up to 21 cm (8.5 in) in females.

Graptemys ouachitensis

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Scientific name. Graptemys ouachitensis

Common Name. Ouachita Map Turtle

General information. This turtle species spends much of its day basking on logs, rocks, or other available basking sites. An omnivore, this map turtle grazes on algae and aquatic vegetation as well as various invertebrates (insects and crayfish). Males and juveniles are more carnivorous than females.

Protected status. The Ouachita Map Turtle is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Flattened, elliptical carapace with serrated posterior edge and vertebral keel of spine-like projections; serrated edge and projections becoming less distinct with age. Plastron unhinged. Webbed feet. Head narrow with no medial notch or hook on upper jaw. Males with longer fingernails on forelimbs than females.

Coloration. Carapace brown to dark green Plastron is yellow/cream and can be pigmented extensively in juveniles, pigment fades in adults. Yellow markings and dark blotches on each pleural scute; marginal surfaces with yellow eye spots at seam. Skin olive or brown; yellow stripes present on legs and tail. One to nine yellow neck markings contacting eye. Transverse yellow chin bars. Yellow crescent behind eye (also can be square/rectangular/oval) and two yellow spots below eye.

General distribution. In North America, Graptemys ouachitensis is found along the Mississippi River drainage, from Illinois and Missouri to Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the two subspecies of Graptemys ouachitensis , G. o. ouachitensis and G. o. sabinensis are restricted to the Red River and Sabine River drainages in the northeastern portion of the state.

Habitat. The Ouachita Map Turtle is found in large rivers as well as lakes and river-bottom swamps.

Reproduction. Females can lay up to three clutches of eggs each year, each clutch consisting of 6-15 eggs. Nesting season is May to July. Incubation is 50 to 80 days.

Size. Graptemys ouachitensis exhibits sexual dimorphism, with males reaching smaller adult lengths (14 cm; 5.5 in) than females (24 cm; 9.5 in).

Graptemys pseudogeographica

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Scientific name. Graptemys pseudogeographica

Common Name. False Map Turtle

General information. Like other map turtles, the False Map Turtle is a diurnal, basking turtle. Wary of predators, this species will slide from their basking perch (log or rock) into water without hesitation. This species is omnivorous, feeding on aquatic vegetation as well as insects, insect larvae, and mollusks. Females may be more dependent than males on mollusks for food.

Protected status. The False Map Turtle is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Elliptical carapace with serrated posterior edge and vertebral keel of spine-like projections Plastron unhinged. Webbed feet. Head narrow with no medial notch or hook on upper jaw. Males with longer fingernails on forelimbs than females.

Coloration. Carapace brown to dark green Plastron is yellow/cream and lacks pigment, save around margins. Oval markings (yellow) and blotches (dark) on each pleural scute; marginal surfaces with yellow bulls-eye at seam. Skin olive or brown; several yellow stripes present on legs, tail, chin and neck. Yellow crescents behind each eye that keep neck stripes from contacting eye.

General distribution. In North America, Graptemys pseudogeographica is found along the Mississippi River drainage, from Illinois and Missouri to Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Graptemys pseudogeographica is found across the wet northeastern corner of the state.

Habitat. The False Map Turtle prefers slow moving waters with abundant aquatic vegetation.

Reproduction. Mating may occur during different times of the year. Females can lay up to three clutches of eggs each year, each clutch consisting of 8-22 eggs. Incubation is 50 to 80 days.

Size. Adult male Graptemys pseudogeographica may reach carapace lengths of 15 cm (6 in), with females being larger, reaching 25 cm (10 in).

Graptemys versa

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Scientific name. Graptemys versa

Common Name. Texas Map Turtle

General information. The Texas Map Turtle is like other map turtles: diurnal, spending much of their day basking on rocks and logs. This species is likely omnivorous, feeding on both aquatic vegetation and invertebrate prey (insects and mollusks).

Protected status. The Texas Map Turtle is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Anterior scutes distinctly convex Flattened, elliptical carapace with serrated posterior edge and vertebral keel of low spine-like projections. Plastron unhinged. Head narrow with no medial notch or hook on upper jaw. Webbed feet. Males with longer fingernails on forelimbs than females.

Coloration. Carapace olive; yellow plastron with pigment along margins Light yellow blotch anterior to each vertebral spine Yellow reticulations on each carapacial scute, including dorsal marginals. Horizontal or J-shaped line behind eye; postocular mark may extend backward from trailing edge. Three to six yellow lines extend up neck to contact orbit. Olive skin; many dark lines surrounding yellow areas. Chin may have orange or yellow blotches with dark borders.

General distribution. In North America, Graptemys versa is restricted to the state of Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the endemic Graptemys versa is found along the Colorado River drainage in the Edwards Plateau region of central Texas.

Habitat. The Texas Map Turtle can be found in shallow streams, usually with moderate current.

Reproduction. Little is recorded about reproduction in this species. Reproduction is probably similar to G. caglei with multiple clutches possible from May to July.

Size. Adult Graptemys versa range in size from 6.5-11 cm (2.5-4.5 in) in males and 9-21.5 cm (3.5-8.5 in) in females.

Gyalopion canum

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Gyalopion canum

Common Name. Chihuahuan Hook-nosed Snake

General information. The Chihuahuan Hook-nosed Snake is a small, but robust, non-venomous inhabitant of the Chihuahuan Desert that feeds on a variety of arthropods, specializing on spiders and scorpions. They have also been known to eat other snakes and an occasional mammal. Gyalopion canum can be a common snake to find after the rains, though others comment that it can be found throughout the summer. Though not a fast moving species, the Gyalopion canum is a skillful burrower using its nose to plow through the looser soils of the desert. It can be found under rocks as well as crossing roads during the hotter summer nights. When captured, it is unlikely to bite, instead relying on its defense mechanism of everting and contracting its cloaca through its vent to produce a startling “popping” sound.

Protected status. The Chihuahuan Hook-nosed Snake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Upturned rostral scale Divided anal scale. Dorsal scales are smooth, in 17 rows at midbody, but have apical pits

Coloration. Dorsal background color is pale brown with as many as 48 dark brown crossbands found down the spine Cream colored belly, with strong brown markings on head.

General distribution. Gyalopion canum, a Chihuahuan Desert endemic, is found in parts of west Texas, areas of southern New Mexico and Arizona, and northern and central Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Gyalopion canum is found in the Trans-Pecos, eastward to Gillespie County, and northward to Dickens and King Counties on the Stockton Plateau.

Habitat. Gyalopion canum can be found in the shortgrass prairies of the Chihuahuan Desert, and less often, in the oak-juniper savannahs on the Edwards Plateau. They also can be found in rocky areas, in deposits of loose soil, and in grassy desert flats.

Reproduction. Little is known about its reproductive natural history, save that it is an egg layer, with two clutches of one and four eggs found in the literature.

Size. Adult Chihuahuan Hook-nosed Snakes generally measure 18-28 cm (7-11 in) in length (record length: 35.5 cm (14 in)).

Haldea striatula

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Scientific name. Haldea striatula

Common Name. Rough Earthsnake

General information. A frequently seen snake, especially after rains, Haldea striatula poses no threat to humans and is non-venomous. Preferring soft bodied prey (earthworms are the only prey known to be consumed) these snakes often seek refuge in the same places as their prey: under logs, stones, and various piles of debris. Its pointed head comes in handy and works as a spade for the snake as it searches in soft soils for earthworms.

Protected status. The Rough Earthsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Cone-shaped head and pointed snout. Internasal scales, generally paired in other snakes, are instead fused into a single scale Five supralabials; two small preoculars; divided anal plate; keeled dorsal scales (arranged in 17 rows near midbody).

Coloration. Adults typically have a whitish ventral surface with a grey or brown dorsal surface Dorsal color may be darker around the labial scales, as well as around the eye.

General distribution. Haldea striatula is found from central Texas eastward to the Carolinas and Virginia. They are absent from the dampest portions surrounding the Mississippi River, and range as far north as Missouri, as far south as Florida.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Haldea striatula is commonly found in the eastern third of the state.

Habitat. The Rough Earthsnake is a small earthworm-eating snake found in many backyards and open lots of eastern Texas, often found when overturning logs and stones.

Reproduction. Haldea striatula is a live bearing snake, having as many as 7 young in the late summer 7.5-12.5 cm (3-5 in). These young somewhat resemble ringneck snakes with their light colored neck collar, but this trait is lost as they become adults.

Size. Haldea striatula only reaches a length of 17.5-27.5 cm (7-11 in).

Hemidactylus frenatus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Hemidactylus frenatus

Common Name. Common House Gecko

General information. A nocturnal gecko species, Hemidactylus frenatus primarily eats insects, though other geckos have been consumed. Peak activity is during the first few hours after sunset. When present in Texas, this species can be found feeding on nocturnal insects around artificial lights outside human dwellings.

Protected status. The Common House Gecko is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Tail somewhat flattened and as long as body Lateral fringe along each side of tail Enlarged tubercles near hindlimbs, not along entire dorsal surface Broad toe pads

Coloration. Dorsal color dark brown to light gray with mottling of pale and dark spots across dorsum Pattern of longitudinally arranged pale ovals on dorsum; occassionally irregular longitudinal stripes may be present White ventral surface.

General distribution. In North America, Hemidactylus frenatus, a native of southeast Asia and the East Indies, has been introduced globally and can be found in many urban areas around the world.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Hemidactylus frenatus has only been found (introduced) in Dallas and Galveston Counties.

Habitat. In its native habitat, Hemidactylus frenatus is found in disturbed areas. This species has been introduced around the world, thriving around human habitations.

Reproduction. Lays two eggs per clutch; can lay eggs year round in warm climates. Egg incubation can be 1.5-2.5 months.

Size. Hemidactylus frenatus reaches an adult maximum length of 11 cm (4.5 in), including tail

Hemidactylus garnotii

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Hemidactylus garnotii

Common Name. Indo-Pacific House Gecko

General information. Hemidactylus garnotii is a nocturnal gecko species that feeds on insects. This species can vocalize when threatened or during interactions with other geckos.

Protected status. The Indo-Pacific House Gecko is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Small, ovoid dorsal scales, with no large tubercles Large toe pads

Coloration. Dorsal color solid or slightly marbled color, either brown or brownish gray Small white spots found on dorsal surface, spots of varying size/shape Yellow belly Ventral surface of tail light red, orange, or yellow.

General distribution. In North America, Hemidactylus garnotii, a native of southeast Asia and the East Indies, has been introduced to Florida and Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Hemidactylus garnotii has been found (introduced) only in Dallas County.

Habitat. In Texas, Hemidactylus garnotii is an urban lizard found only at the Dallas Zoo. In its native habitat, this gecko is found in both natural and disturbed forest habitats, as well as in human dwellings.

Reproduction. Parthenogenetic species; no males present in this species. Females lay two eggs that may take 1-2 months to hatch.

Size. Hemidactylus garnotii grows to adult lengths of 10-13 cm (4-5 in), including tail.

Hemidactylus parvimaculatus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Hemidactylus parvimaculatus

Common Name. Sri Lanka Spotted House Gecko

General information. A nocturnal species that can be found on walls near outside light sources, eating insects and spiders.

Protected status. The Sri Lanka Spotted Gecko is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Enlarged keeled tubercles in 16–20 longitudinal rows (more rows than H. turcicus). Tubercles on tail longish tail (H. turcicus with shorter tail and smaller tubercles).

Coloration. Without the strongly contrasting banded tail of Hemidactylus turcicus, this species has a similar light tan/brown dorsal surface with three longitudinal rows of irregular dark brown spots

General distribution. This species, native to southeast Asia, is an introduced species in the New World and is found in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Hemidactylus parvimaculatus has been found at multiple localities in east Texas and the Lower Rio Grande Valley

Habitat. Found in open forests in its native range, this species has only been found around human-built structures in the US.

Reproduction. Unknown in US. Likely similar to other Hemidactylus: breed in spring and early summer, clutch of 1-2 eggs hatching in August.

Size. Adult Hemidactylus parvimaculatus reach body lengths of 6 cm (2.5 in) and total lengths of 10–11.5 cm (4–4.5 in), including tail.

Map. Map is based on museum voucher specimens.

Hemidactylus turcicus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Hemidactylus turcicus

Common Name. Mediterranean Gecko

General information. Nocturnal; this lizard feeds on insects that gather near light sources at night. It can be territorial and males emit squeaks when defending territory, as well as at other times.

Protected status. The Mediterranean Gecko is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Large, lidless eyes. Dark colored tubercles on head, body, legs, and tail. Broad toe pads extending to cover most of toe.

Coloration. Pale pink or white and translucent with both light and dark spots Young may have dark bands on tail that can be retained in adulthood.

General distribution. In North America, Hemidactylus turcicus is found from central Texas south to northern coastal areas of Mexico and on the island of Cuba. Scattered, smaller populations occur in the Gulf States, as well as many southwestern US states, particularly concentrated around urban areas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Hemidactylus turcicus is predominantly found in the southern half of the state, although reports indicate populations expanding into areas of north Texas.

Habitat. An introduced species native to the Mediterranean, this gecko can be seen in urban areas on buildings near light sources

Reproduction. March through July; one or two eggs are laid.

Size. Hemidactylus turcicus grows to lengths of 10-12.5 cm (4-5 in), including tail.

Map. Map is based on museum voucher specimens.

Heterodon kennerlyi

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Heterodon kennerlyi

Common Name. Mexican Hog-nosed Snake

General information. Hog-nosed snakes are so named because of their upturned keeled rostral scale. This modification allows them to burrow easily into the soil, either to seek shelter or to seek out their prey. Mexican Hog-nosed Snakes are rear-fanged, that is they are venomous, though they pose little threat to humans, even when handled, because of this species reluctance to bite. Occasional bites to humans do occur, usually when a person has been handling toads prior to handling a hog-nosed snake. Human reactions to hog-nosed snake bites can include large amounts of swelling, depending on the duration of the bite. Their venom, though mild to human, is highly effective against its usual prey of frogs, toads, and occassionaly lizards. Young snakes may ingest crickets and other insects. The venom is delivered to the prey by way of enlarged teeth in the rear of the mouth through a chewing motion. Western hog-nosed snakes feed mainly on amphibians and lizards, though they will eat other snakes, small mammals, and occasional birds. Hog-nosed snakes are active in the morning and around dusk during the warmer parts of the year, burrowing in sandy soils during the winter.

Protected status. The Mexican Hog-nosed Snake is not a protected species in Texas.

Diagnostic features. Divided anal plate Keeled dorsal scales in rows of 23 at midbody Six or fewer azygous scales

Coloration. Dorsal ground color is light tan or buff, with a series of large, elliptical blotches down the spine A series of small brown spots also runs the length of the body on each side of the body. The number of azygous scales found behind the upturned rostral on the head can help distinguish this species from H. nasicus, with 9 or more in H. nasicus. The belly, especially the tail, is black, with patches of white or yellow present.

General distribution. Heterodon kennerlyi is found in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, and south into the northern states of Mexico.

Texas distribution. Heterodon kennerlyi is found in many counties of the Trans-Pecos and south Texas, following along the Rio Grande from El Paso to south Texas.

Habitat. Mexican Hog-nosed Snakes inhabit a wide variety of areas, but are most commonly found in areas with grasslands and sandy soils in the Trans-Pecos, and mesquite grassland and thorn-scrub habitats in south Texas.

Reproduction. Mexican Hog-nosed Snakes are egg-bearing, breeding in alternate years. Clutches range from 4-23 eggs, and are laid in the summer months. Incubation is about two months with hatchlings measuring 15-19 cm (6-7.5 in) in length.

Size. Adult Heterodon kennerlyi are typically 38-63.5 cm (15-25 in) in length, though this is one of smallest species of hog-nosed snakes.

Heterodon nasicus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Heterodon nasicus

Common Name. Plains Hog-nosed Snake

General information. Hog-nosed snakes are so named because of their upturned keeled rostral scale. This modification allows them to burrow easily into the soil, either to seek shelter or to seek out their prey. Plains Hog-nosed Snakes are rear-fanged, that is they are venomous, though they pose little threat to humans, even when handled, because of this species reluctance to bite. Occasional bites to humans do occur, usually when a person has been handling toads prior to handling a hog-nosed snake. Human reactions to hog-nosed snake bites can include large amounts of swelling, depending on the duration of the bite. Their venom, though mild to human, is highly effective against its usual prey of frogs, toads, and occassionaly lizards. Young snakes may ingest crickets and other insects. The venom is delivered to the prey by way of enlarged teeth in the rear of the mouth through a chewing motion. Western hog-nosed snakes feed mainly on amphibians and lizards, though they will eat other snakes, small mammals, and occasional birds. Hog-nosed snakes are active in the morning and around dusk during the warmer parts of the year, burrowing in sandy soils during the winter.

Protected status. The Plains Hog-nosed Snake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Divided anal plate Keeled dorsal scales in rows of 23 at midbody Nine or more azygous scales

Coloration. Dorsal ground color is light tan or buff, with a series of large, elliptical blotches down the spine A series of small brown spots also runs the length of the body on each side of the body. The number of azygous scales found behind the upturned rostral on the head can help distinguish this species from H. kennerlyi, with 6 or fewer in H. kennerlyi. The belly, especially the tail, is black, with patches of white or yellow present.

General distribution. Heterodon nasicus is found from Alberta, Canada, through the midwest and plains sections of the U.S., into Texas and portions of northern and central Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Heterodon nasicus can be found throughout many areas of the state, though they are largely absent from the Edwards Plateau and far east Texas, as well as the Rio Grande Valley.

Habitat. Plains Hog-nosed Snakes inhabit a wide variety of areas, including but not limited to flat grasslands, rocky arid lands and coastal barrier islands.

Reproduction. Plains Hog-nosed Snakes are egg-bearing, breeding in alternate years. Clutches range from 4-23 eggs, and are laid in the summer months. Incubation is about two months with hatchlings measuring 15-19 cm (6-7.5 in) in length.

Size. Adult Heterodon nasicus are typically 38-63.5 cm (15-25 in) in length.

Heterodon platirhinos

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Heterodon platirhinos

Common Name. Eastern Hog-nosed Snake

General information. Hog-nosed snakes are so named because of their upturned keeled rostral scale. This modification allows them to burrow easily into the soil, either to seek shelter or to seek out their prey. Eastern Hog-nosed Snakes are rear-fanged, that is they are venomous, though they pose little threat to humans, even when handled, because of this species reluctance to bite. Occasional bites to humans do occur, usually when a person has been handling toads prior to handling a hog-nosed snake. Human reactions to hog-nosed snake bites can include large amounts of swelling, depending on the duration of the bite. Their venom, though mild to human, is highly effective against its usual prey of frogs, toads, and occasionaly lizards. Young snakes may ingest crickets and other insects. The venom is delivered to the prey by way of enlarged teeth in the rear of the mouth.

Protected status. The Eastern Hog-nosed Snake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Anal plate is divided Dorsal scales are keeled, in rows of 23 or 25 at midbody

Coloration. Wide variety of background dorsal color, ranging from tan, brown, and olive to yellow and orange. Some individuals, especially those along the eastern coast of the U.S., are entirely black (or melanistic) A series of darker blotches running the length of the body along the spine, with dark blotches present on either side of the neck and a series of small circles running the length of the body on each side of the body. A postocular stripe and a dark bar between the eyes is also present The belly is gray and unmarked with dark pigment, with the underside of the tail often lighter than the dorsal color of the body.

General distribution. Heterodon platirhinos is confined to the eastern half of the U.S., found from New Hampshire and Cape Cod, south to Florida, west to Texas and north to Minnesota.

Texas distribution. In Texas, H. platirhinos is found in the eastern two thirds of the state including the Panhandle, but excluding parts of South Texas.

Habitat. Eastern Hog-nosed Snakes are associated with grassy areas or riparian watercourses where loose soil is available for burrowing. Eastern hog-nosed snakes are often seen in areas along streams or lakes, sometimes associated with open woodlands or pine forests.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs in the spring with eggs laid around a month and a half after mating. Clutch size range from 4-61 (average of 22) eggs, hatching in late summer. Newborn hatchlings are 16.5-24 cm (6.5-9.5 in).

Size. Adult Eastern Hog-nosed Snakes reach 51-84 cm (20-33 in) in length.

Holbrookia lacerata

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Holbrookia lacerata

Common Name. Plateau Spot-tailed Earless Lizard

General information. Holbrookia lacerata is a wary diurnal species of lizard, quickly retreating when threatened. They can be conspicuous during the early morning hours when they sun themselves on open ground.

Protected status. The Plateau Spot-tailed Earless Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slightly flattened body Two throat folds (one weak) with no external ear openings Two rows of body blotches on either side of midline often fused together. Blotches on legs often form distinct bands.

Coloration. Dark brown spots on lighter brown dorsal surface. Ventral surface white with dark spots on tail. Round, dark spots on ventral surface of tail and lateral black spots on abdomen Females and some males may have red-orange pattern on throat or neck during breeding season

General distribution. In North America, Holbrookia lacerata are found in central Texas and maybe in adjacent parts of Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the distribution of Holbrookia lacerata extends from portions of west Texas (east of the Pecos River) eastward to the Edwards Plateau in central Texas/

Habitat. Holbrookia lacerata prefers rocky desert flats, areas with sparse vegetation or mesquite-prickly pear associations, and the uplands of the Edwards Plateau in central Texas.

Reproduction. Eggs are laid in the late spring, sometimes with a second clutch laid later in the summer. Clutch sizes ranging between 6 and 8.

Size. Adult body lengths of Holbrookia lacerata, exclusive of tail, range from 3–6 cm (1–2.5 in).

Map. Map is based on museum voucher specimens.

Holbrookia maculata

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Holbrookia maculata

Common Name. Common Lesser Earless Lizard

General information. Holbrookia maculata is an active, diurnal lizard. They shelter in burrows and cover themselves with sand to hide. They feed on spiders and insects.

Protected status. The Common Lesser Earless Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Two throat folds (one weak) No external ear openings.

Coloration. The three subspecies of Holbrookia maculata found in Texas are distinguished by their color and pattern Two black diagonal marks on the sides posterior to the forelegs; diagonal marks rimmed in blue on males, less distinct on females . No markings on ventral surface of tail.

General distribution. In North America, Holbrookia maculata has a broad range, from southern South Dakota to Texas and Arizona and into central Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the three subspecies of Holbrookia maculata are present in north Texas, the Panhandle, and west Texas.

Habitat. Holbrookia maculata prefers sandy desert grasslands, areas with sparse vegetation, prairies, farmlands, and dry streambeds.

Reproduction. Breeding takes place in spring and early summer. Eggs may be laid from May to August, with an average of 5 eggs per clutch.

Size. Holbrookia maculata can grow to lengths of 11-15 cm (4.5-6 in), including tail.

Holbrookia propinqua

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Holbrookia propinqua

Common Name. Keeled Earless Lizard

General information. Holbrookia propinqua is diurnal and forages for insects among the sand dunes and open sandy habitats with little vegetation. This species retreats quickly and disappears among the dunes when threatened.

Protected status. The Keeled Earless Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Small lizard, with small keeled scales Two throat folds (one weak) No external ear openings

Coloration. Dorsal ground color is green-gray or brown, but varies between the sexes Males have two dark diagonal lines behind forelimbs and may have a combination of blotches and stripes with white flecks; females paler than males and may not have discernible dorsal markings. Unmarked venter. No markings on ventral surface of tail.

General distribution. In North America, Holbrookia propinqua is seen in south Texas and along the Gulf Coast of Mexico.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Holbrookia propinqua found in Texas, H. p. propinqua, is found in south and south-central portions of the state.

Habitat. Holbrookia propinqua prefers sandy environments and is common on sand dunes and barrier beaches within its range.

Reproduction. Breeding times are not known, but hatchlings appear in the summer months.

Size. Holbrookia propinqua can grow to lengths of 11-4 cm (4.5-5.5 in)

Holbrookia subcaudalis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Holbrookia subcaudalis

Common Name. Tamaulipan Spot-tailed Earless Lizard

General information. Holbrookia subcaudalis is diurnal species at home in flat, non-sandy habitats. Insectivorus, this species can be found in and adjacent to agricultural fields as well as sparsely vegetated habitats, and is more easily seen along the edges of roads between April and June.

Protected status. The Tamaulipan Spot-tailed Earless Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slightly flattened body Two throat folds (one weak) with no external ear openings Two rows of body blotches on either side of midline not fused together. Blotches on hind limbs circular in shape without forming bands.

Coloration. Dark brown spots on lighter brown dorsal surface. Ventral surface white with dark spots on tail. Round, dark spots on ventral surface of tail and lateral black spots on abdomen Breeding females may have light green or yellow body color

General distribution. In North America, Holbrookia subcaudalis is found south of the Edwards Plateau in south Texas; also present in adjacent states of Mexico

Texas distribution. In Texas, the distribution of Holbrookia subcaudalis extends south of the Edwards Plateau

Habitat. Holbrookia subcaudalis can be found in non-sandy, flat habitats in south Texas: open scrub lands (not invaded by non-native grasses) and in disturbed areas, such as agricultural fields

Reproduction. Eggs are laid in the late spring, sometimes with a second clutch laid later in the summer. Clutch sizes ranging between 6 and 8.

Size. Adult body lengths of Holbrookia subcaudalis, exclusive of tail, ranges from 3–7 cm (1–3 in).

Map. Map is based on museum voucher specimens.

Hyla arenicolor

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Hyla arenicolor

Common Name. Canyon Treefrog

General information. Hyla arenicolor is primarily active at night (nocturnal) and is most commonly found on the ground or on or between large rocks, but it may be seen on low branches of small trees or shrubs.

Protected status. The Canyon Treefrog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Round, toad-like body with rough skin (for a treefrog). Large toe pads present with webbing on hind feet.

Coloration. Overall color is brownish gray, though a pink tone may be present Light or cream-colored ventral surface Orange or yellow color on hidden surfaces of thighs. Dark bar below eyes. Dark throat in males

General distribution. In North America, Hyla arenicolor is found in a band from southern Utah, into Arizona, New Mexico, and west Texas and this frog is found as far south as central Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Hyla arenicolor is found in the Big Bend region of the state.

Habitat. Hyla arenicolor is found in arid to semi-arid regions near permanent creeks in rocky canyons in the Big Bend area of Texas.

Reproduction. Breeding takes place from March to July with sufficient rain. Eggs are singly deposited into a jelly sac in the water.

Size. Hyla arenicolor reaches an adult size of 3-5 cm (1-2 in).

Calls.

Hyla chrysoscelis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Hyla chrysoscelis

Common Name. Cope’s Gray Treefrog

General information. Hyla chrysoscelis is nocturnal and forage in the trees and shrubs, descending to the ground only to breed.

Protected status. Cope’s Gray Treefrog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Relatively large treefrog with large toe pads and a warty dorsal surface. Although these are two separate species, they are often mistaken one for the other. Because of their amazing physical similarities, as well as that of habitat and range, the only way to distinguish them externally is by call. Hyla versicolor has a slow trill, while Hyla chrysoscelis has a faster, higher pitched trill. Therefore, the diagnostic features, natural history, and range listed here apply to both species

Coloration. Background color is usually gray or olive green, but highly variable with environment. Bright orange or yellow color on hidden surfaces of thighs Discernible light spot between the eye and lip Dark bars on hind limbs.

General distribution. In North America, Hyla chrysoscelis/H. versicolor is found from Maine in the north and northern Florida in the south, to just west of the Mississippi River.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Hyla chrysoscelis/H. versicolor is found in the eastern half of the state.

Habitat. Hyla chrysoscelis is typically found in wooded areas, often near rivers and creeks .

Reproduction. Breeding occurs from March to July, depending on the temperature.

Size. Hyla chrysoscelis/H. versicolor reaches an adult size between 3-5 cm (1-2 in).

Calls.

Hyla cinerea

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Hyla cinerea

Common Name. Green Treefrog

General information. Hyla cinerea is nocturnal and tends to walk, rather than simply leaping. This treefrog feeds on various insects.

Protected status. The Green Treefrog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slim, smooth body and large finger and toe pads.

Coloration. Typically bright green, with lateral stripes of white or yellow coloration Lateral stripes usually extend to groin, but may be much shorter, or even lacking Many individuals have small yellow dorsal spots White lips.

General distribution. In North America, Hyla cinerea is found in the deep South, from Maryland to Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Hyla cinerea is primarily restricted to the eastern third of the state, including central and south Texas. Unfortunately, this species has been introduced to Big Bend National Park, well outside of its native distribution.

Habitat. Hyla cinerea prefers wet or moist areas such as swamps, lake sides, and the edges of streams, though it may occasionally be found in brackish water.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs form March to October. Males call just before dark. Eggs are laid in a jelly envelope attached to floating plants.

Size. Hyla cinerea reaches an adult size between 3-6 cm (1-2.5 in).

Calls.

Hyla squirella

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Hyla squirella

Common Name. Squirrel Treefrog

General information. Hyla squirella is nocturnal and aggressively forages for insects in trees and shrubs. In rainy weather, H. squirella can be found during the day, though in dry weather, it seeks shelter during the day.

Protected status. The Squirrel Treefrog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Relatively small treefrog with smooth skin and large toe pads

Coloration. Dorsal coloration can be highly variable Additionally, this treefrog has the ability to change colors and patterns. Sometimes a dark bar is present between the eyes and there may also be light lateral stripes.

General distribution. In North America, Hyla squirella is found in the deep South from Maryland to Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Hyla squirella is found in the southeast portion of the state from Louisiana to Corpus Christi.

Habitat. Hyla squirella can be spotted in moist areas, in gardens, and on trees, shrubs, and vines.

Reproduction. Breeding takes place from March to October. Single eggs are laid in shallow pools.

Size. The smallest treefrog in Texas, Hyla squirella only reaches an adult length of 2-4 cm (1-1.5in).

Calls.

Hyla versicolor

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Hyla versicolor

Common Name. Gray Treefrog

General information. Hyla versicolor is nocturnal and forage in the trees and shrubs, descending to the ground only to breed.

Protected status. The Gray Treefrog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Comparatively large treefrog with large toe pads and a warty dorsal surface. Although these are two separate species, they are often mistaken one for the other. Because of their amazing physical similarities, as well as that of habitat and range, the only way to distinguish between them is by call. Hyla versicolor has a slow trill, while Hyla chrysoscelis has a faster, higher pitched trill. Therefore, the diagnostic features, natural history, and range listed here apply to both species

General distribution. In North America, Hyla chrysoscelis/H. versicolor is found from Maine in the north and northern Florida in the south, to just west of the Mississippi River.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Hyla chrysoscelis/H. versicolor is found in the eastern half of the state.

Habitat. Hyla versicolor is typically found in wooded areas, often near rivers and creeks.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs from March to July, depending on the temperature.

Size. Hyla versicolor reaches an adult size between 3-5 cm (1-2 in).

Calls.

Hypopachus variolosus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Hypopachus variolosus

Common Name. Sheep Frog

General information. Hypopachus variolosus feeds mainly on ants and termites. The sheep frog hides most of the year, but may emerge at night or with heavy rains in late summer.

Protected status. The Sheep Frog is considered a threatened species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state.

Diagnostic features. Small, oval body with smooth skin. Small head with pointed snout and fold of skin immediately behind eyes. Hind feet are slightly webbed and each with two tubercles (Gastrophryne with one)

Coloration. Dorsal color brown or olive green with a thin yellow middorsal stripe. Dark spots in mottled pattern may appear on dorsum Ventral surface is gray with possible mottling. Thin white line down length of ventral surface that branches at the forelimbs. Adult males with dark throat.

General distribution. In North America, Hypopachus variolosus is found from south Texas to Costa Rica.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Hypopachus variolosus is known from the eastern half of South Texas, from Bee County south to Cameron, Hidalgo, and Starr counties.

Habitat. Hypopachus variolosus frog prefers subterranean burrows, such as those of pack rats. This species also burrows under fallen tree limbs and remains in these burrows for most of the year.

Reproduction. Breeding in Hypopachus variolosus takes place from March to September with rain, in Texas typically August and September. Males call while floating in water with their forelimbs resting on a stem or twig.

Size. Hypopachus variolosus reaches an adult size between 2.5-4 cm (1-1.5 in).

Calls.

Hypsiglena jani

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Hypsiglena jani

Common Name. Chihuahuan Nightsnake

General information. Nightsnakes are venomous, though they are not known to bite humans, even when handled. The venom is toxic only to its prey of lizards, snakes, and various arthropods of the desert, with the venom delivered through enlarged teeth in the rear of its mouth. Typically active from April to October.

Protected status. The Chihuahuan Nightsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Nightsnakes have strongly elliptical eyes which appear to be bulging out of the head Divided anal plate, and smooth scales in rows of 21 at midbody.

Coloration. Background color ranging from light brown to grey, with a series of dark, irregularly shaped oval blotches running down the middle of the back Can also have a series of dark lateral blotches, also running the length of the body Presence of two lateral black bars and a single bar behind the head are characters which make Hypsiglena quite distinct from other desert snakes White or cream belly that is free of pigment.

General distribution. The distribution of Hypsiglena jani ranges from the western halves of Oklahoma and Texas westward through New Mexico, eastern Arizona and southern Colorado. Chihuahuan Nightsnakes are also found in many northern portions of Mexico.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Chihuahuan Nightsnake found in Texas, H. jani texana, is found in the more arid western two-thirds of the state.

Habitat. Chihuahuan Nightsnakes are nocturnal snakes often found in rocky, arid habitats, and can commonly be found crossing roads at night.

Reproduction. Chihuahuan Nightsnakes are egg layers, depositing clutches of 4 to 6 eggs late spring-early summer. Hatchlings emerge two months later around 12.5-18 cm (5-7 in) in length.

Size. Adult Chihuahuan Nightsnakes measure between 25.5-40 cm (10-16 in) in length.

Indotyphlops braminus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Indotyphlops braminus

Common Name. Braminy Blindsnake

General information. This species spends the majority of its life underground where it searches for food. The diet of Indotyphlops braminus is not unlike our native threadsnakes, consisting of ant and termite larvae/pupae. Large rain events may flush these snakes to the surface, where they may superficially look like earthworms.

Protected status. The Brahminy Blindsnake is not a protected species in Texas.

Diagnostic features. Small thin snake with head and tail remarkably similar; head distinguished by small dark eye spots completely covered by scales, and with complete nasal suture; tail with sharp spur. Twenty scale rows around body (vs. 14 in native Leptotyphlops); tongue with lateral papillae.

Coloration. Dorsal coloration brown to gray to purple, ventral surface grayish brown. Tail with white tip.

General distribution. Native to Africa and Asia, Indotyphlops braminus has been introduced around the world through the movement/trade of soils as well as the plant nursery trade.

Texas distribution. Known from Bexar, Cameron, Harris counties.

Habitat. A fossorial species, Indotyphlops braminus can be found under rocks and logs.

Reproduction. This species is very unusual among snakes because it is an all-female species and is parthenogenetic. Offspring can be live-born or hatched from eggs.

Size. Adults average 6-16 cm (2.5-6.5 in).

Map. Map is based on museum voucher specimens. Last updated 24 October 2013.

Kinosternon flavescens

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Kinosternon flavescens

Common Name. Yellow Mud Turtle

General information. This turtle species is mainly diurnal, but some activity takes place at night. Can be seen basking on logs and rocks out of the water. Yellow mud turtles can occasionally be found on roads and/or away from water as they can move between waterbodies; this movement often occurs at night and can coincide with rainfall. During periods of drought or in the hottest part of the summer, yellow mud turtles can bury themselves into the soil and estivate. This species is omnivorous, preferring animal prey (snails, crayfish, aquatic insects, fish, amphibians, and even carrion) over vegetation.

Protected status. The Yellow Mud Turtle is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Carapace oval lacking a keel (may be depressed medially) and no posterior serration First vertebral in contact with 2nd marginal. Both 9th and 10th marginal scutes are elevated. Plastron short and narrow with 11 scutes and two well-developed hinges. Triangular-shaped pectoral scutes. Webbed feet.

Coloration. Carapace olive to brown with dark seams around scutes Plastron yellow to brown with dark seams around margins of scutes. Skin is yellow or gray on limbs, neck and head.

General distribution. In North America, the distribution of Kinosternon flavescens much of Texas and the eastern halves of Oklahoma and Kansas. Additional populations are found in Arizona, New Mexico, Nebraska, Missouri, Iowa, and Illinois.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the single subspecies of Kinosternon flavescens present, K. f. flavescens, is found throughout the state, save the wettest eastern quarter of the state.

Habitat. Yellow Mud Turtles can be found in many slow moving waterways around the state, including lakes, streams, cattle tanks, and swamps. This species prefers bodies of water with a soft bottom composed of either sand or mud.

Reproduction. Nest is May to June. Females may lay two clutches of eggs per year, with clutch size ranging from 1-9 eggs Hatching occurs August to October following an incubation period of 95-115 days.

Size. Kinosternon flavescens commonly reach adult lengths of 18 cm (7 in).

Kinosternon hirtipes

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Kinosternon hirtipes

Common Name. Rough-footed Mud Turtle

General information. Not much is known about the natural history of this highly aquatic turtle species in Texas. Mexican populations of the Rough-footed Mud Turtle are carnivorous, eating crustaceans, snails, aquatic insects, worms, fish, and amphibians. Some researchers believe this species to be a nocturnal feeder, whereas others find this to be diurnal species.

Protected status. The Rough-footed Mud Turtle is listed as threatened by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is protected in the state of Texas.

Diagnostic features. Carapace oval with a well-defined medial keel (two weakly defined lateral keels) and no posterior serration First vertebral in contact with 2nd marginal. Tenth marginal scute is elevated above 9th marginal. Plastron short and narrow with 11 scutes and two well-developed hinges. Triangular-shaped pectoral scutes. Three barbels on chin. Webbed feet.

Coloration. Carapace olive-brown with dark seams around scutes Plastron brown or tan with dark seams around margins of scutes. Skin is tan to black on head and neck, tan to brown on limbs. Reticulate pattern present on head.

General distribution. In the United States, the distribution of Kinosternon hirtipes is restricted to a single county in Texas. Additional populations are present in adjacent Coahuila and south and east on the Mexican Plateau.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the only subspecies of Kinosternon hirtipes found in Texas, K. h. murrayi is only present in southern Presidio County.

Habitat. In Texas, this species is only found in spring-fed cattle tanks; in Mexico, Rough-footed Mud Turtles are found in permanent water (rivers, streams, ponds) in mesquite grasslands.

Reproduction. Nesting season in Mexico varies from May to September. Females lay two clutches of eggs, ranging in size from 1-7 eggs. Incubation at 29 degrees C (84.2 degrees F) is 196-201 days.

Size. Kinosternon hirtipes grows to an adult length of 18.5 cm (7.5 in).

Kinosternon subrubrum

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Scientific name. Kinosternon subrubrum

Common Name. Eastern Mud Turtle

General information. The Eastern Mud Turtle is diurnal with two peak activity periods during the day: early in the morning and late in the afternoon. The most terrestrial of Texas' mud turtles, the eastern mud turtle can be found on land as well as in the water. This turtle species is omnivorous, eating aquatic insects, crayfish, snails, amphibians, and carrion.

Protected status. The Eastern Mud Turtle is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Carapace oval lacking a keel (may be medially depressed) and no posterior serration First vertebral not in contact with 2nd marginal. No marginal scutes are elevated. Plastron short and narrow with 11 scutes and two well-developed hinges. Triangular-shaped pectoral scutes. Webbed feet.

Coloration. Carapace yellow to brown to olive Plastron yellow to brown without pigment. Skin is brown or olive, with pattern present in some individuals. Head dark brown with yellow spotting and pair of light stripes on face and neck.

General distribution. In the United States, the distribution of Kinosternon subrubrum is widespread across the southeastern United States.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the single subspecies of Kinosternon subrubrum found in Texas, K. s. hippocrepis is only present in the wetter eastern third of the state.

Habitat. The Eastern Mud Turtle is found in slow moving bodies of water with soft bottoms and aquatic vegetation, including sloughs, streams, lakes, and marshes.

Reproduction. Nesting is generally May and June, with females laying 2-4 eggs per clutch. Most females lay a single clutch per year, though some females can lay up to 3 per year. Hatching is August and September following an incubation of 90-100 days.

Size. Kinosternon subrubrum is the smallest of Texas' mud turtles with adults reaching carapace lengths of 12.5 cm (5 in).

Lampropeltis alterna

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Scientific name. Lampropeltis alterna

Common Name. Gray-banded Kingsnake

General information. Lampropeltis alterna is a non-venomous snake species that kills its prey via constriction. In the wild, L. alterna feeds mainly on lizards that are likely found sleeping in rock crevices at night, though rodents are occasionally taken; gray-banded kingsnakes have been reared in captivity on solely on a diet of rodents. Primarily a nocturnal species, gray-banded kingsnakes are rarely seen during the day, with activity often concentrated during the four or five hours before dawn.

Protected status. The Gray-banded Kingsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Round pupils Undivided anal plate Smooth dorsal scales, in rows of 25 at midbody

Coloration. Highly variable pattern of red saddles or blotches on a light to dark gray background. Ventral surface is gray, with black blotches. Two different types of dorsal surface markings have warranted distinct names by collectors: The “blairi” phase (named for former Univ. Texas herpetologist Frank Blair) can be highly variable, with large saddles of red or orange bounded on either side by thin black rings. The saddles are separated by large bands of gray or black-gray background color, with the dark borders of the saddles sometimes ringed with a white edging. The “alterna” phase comprised a series (13-23) of thin black bands, occasionally split by red, which are separated by large amounts of gray background. The “blairi” phase snakes are thought to be more southern and eastern in the overall range, and the “alterna” phase is the more northern ranging snake.

General distribution. The U.S. distribution of Lampropeltis alterna is restricted to the Trans-Pecos region of Texas, with the exception of two or three individuals taken from the vicinity of Carlsbad in Eddy County, New Mexico. The range of L. alterna also extends into Mexico, into the states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango and Nuevo Leon.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Lampropeltis alterna are found from the Hueco Mts., just outside of El Paso eastward to the counties of Edwards and Kinney; they are also found in Big Bend.

Habitat. Lampropeltis alterna is found in the rocky, arid regions of the Chihuahuan Desert.

Reproduction. Much has been learned about their reproductive natural history as a result of the massive captive breeding programs. These kingsnakes will lay as many as 13 eggs during the spring or early summer, with the juveniles hatching a little over two months later, measuring 26-32 cm (10-13 in).

Size. Adult Gray-banded Kingsnakes typically measure 61-91 cm (24-36 in); record length is over 116 cm (57 in).

Lampropeltis calligaster

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Scientific name. Lampropeltis calligaster

Common Name. Prairie Kingsnake

General information. Reclusive snakes, Prairie Kingsnakes are generally seen while they are out foraging, this being around dusk during the spring and fall months, but switching to night during the hottest months of the summer. As generalists, they will feed on a variety of prey, including other snakes, lizards, rodents, lizards, and frogs. They are non-venomous, constricting the prey in order to disable it. Prairie kingsnake are generally even-tempered when handled, but when they are first picked up and feel threatened, they will frequently vibrate their tails.

Protected status. The Prairie Kingsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Undivided anal plate Smooth dorsal scales in rows of 25 or 27 at midbody

Coloration. Background color of tan or grey Patterned with around 60 dark rhomboidal blotches down its spine These large blotches have darkened borders and may occassionally be split into two small blotches Also two alternating rows of smaller brown spots along each side of the body, with these spots frequently fusing together. Ventral surface is yellowish with brown, square-shaped blotches. The markings of adults become much less distinct with age.

General distribution. Lampropeltis calligaster is found throughout most of the southcentral U.S., from Indiana and Nebraska, south to Texas and portions of Louisiana and east to Virginia to Florida.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Prairie Kingsnake found in Texas, Lampropeltis c. calligaster, is found in the eastern half of the state, with some populations found in the eastern Panhandle and isolated populations found in south Texas.

Habitat. The Prairie Kingsnake is an uncommonly seen snake of open grasslands and woodlands, spending most of its life underground in burrows or under rocks. Typical habitats for Prairie Kingsnakes range from cultivated fields and pastures, mixed woodlands and open meadows, to rocky ledges and bottom lands.

Reproduction. They are egg-layers, depositing clutches of 6-17 eggs in the early summer. The hatchlings are strongly spotted when they emerge from their eggs in August and September, measuring 26-28 cm (10-11 in).

Size. Adults Prairie Kingsnakes reach lengths of 61-106.5 cm (24-42 in).

Map. Map is based on museum voucher specimens.

Lampropeltis getula

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Scientific name. Lampropeltis getula

Common Name. Common Kingsnake

General information. Lampropeltis getula is a non-venomous constrictor, feeding primarily on other snakes, lizards, and rodents. Common Kingsnakes have also been known to feed on reptile eggs, relying on their sense of smell to find most of its prey, including prey buried underground. These kingsnakes are famous for their ability to be immune to rattlesnake venom and they commonly feed on rattlesnakes as part of their diet. Lampropeltis getula may bite hard and vigorously when first handled, but in captivity they often become accustomed to handling and stop biting. Another line of defense is their powerful smelling musk, which they can release from their vent when threatened.

Protected status. The Common Kingsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Smooth, almost glossy scales Undivided anal plate.

Coloration. Characterized by its overall black or black-brown background. The many (7) different subspecies, however, are discerned by the kind and amount of yellow coloring appearing on the black background and varying amount of yellow pattern. There are only two subspecies found in Texas, L. g. holbrooki and L. g. splendida. There is a zone of intergradation between the two subspecies (see map below) where individual snakes have a mixture of pattern and scalation characters from both subspecies.

General distribution. The seven subspecies of Lampropeltis getula cover the majority of the southern half of the U.S., found from California to Florida

Texas distribution. Lampropeltis getula is found throughout the majority of the state. The zone of intergradation between the two subspecies, in Texas, is from the Panhandle, along the Red River valley, south through the cross timbers and blackland prairies to the gulf coast marshes, and exclusive of the piney woods found to the east.

Habitat. Lampropeltis g. splendida is found in the grasslands and wetter portions of the desert. Roads through areas of agriculture often produce L. g. splendida when driven at night during the summer months. Lampropeltis g. holbrooki is found in wetter habitats, typically seeking shelter under logs and in debris piles found in places such as swamps and stream valleys.

Reproduction. Both subspecies are egg-layers, mating in the spring and depositing their egg clutches (5-12 eggs) in the early summer. Female L. g. splendida found at night in May and June are often in search of a suitable nest site. Hatchlings emerge in August and September and measure 21.5-25.5 cm (8.5-10 in).

Size. Lampropeltis getula, when adults, measure between 46-91.5 cm (18-36 in), though L. g. holbrooki is known to grow longer than L. g. splendida (183 cm (6 ft) vs. 154.5 cm (5 ft)).

Lampropeltis triangulum

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Scientific name. Lampropeltis triangulum

Common Name. Milksnake

General information. Milksnakes are so named because of the myth of their attaching to cow’s udders and receiving nourishment. Nothing could be farther from the truth, and in fact, the only remotely true thing about the myth is their occasional presence in barns, where they routinely feed on rodents and other snakes. Lampropeltis t. celaenops is reported to feed primarily on other snakes, whereas L. t. gentilis often incorporates lizards and insects in its diet. Though harmless, L. triangulum will bite at times when handled and will often release a foul-smelling musk, attempting to instigate its release.

Protected status. The Milksnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Smooth dorsal scales (usually in rows of 21 at midbody) Undivided anal plates.

Coloration. Each of the four subspecies of Lampropeltis triangulum found in Texas has its own combination of characters which distinguishes it from the others All subspecies of milksnakes all have black bands bordering both sides of its red bands. This is in contrast to the coral snake (Micrurus tener), who has yellow bands bordering both sides of its red bands.

General distribution. The nine subspecies of U. S. Lampropeltis triangulum are found throughout much of the U.S., with the majority of taxa being found east of Texas. They range from Utah and New Mexico to the east coast, being found from Maine to Florida.

Texas distribution. In Texas, milksnakes are found in across most of the state, save the extreme western portions of the Trans-Pecos, where their distribution is patchy at best.

Habitat. Milksnakes in Texas can be found in a variety of habitats across the state, with moisture being a unifying variable. Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis can be found in the spring while it is thermoregulating underneath rocks and the nocturnal Lampropeltis t. celaenops is found almost exclusively in rock cuts where it hunts or while it crosses Chihuahuan desert roads during the early summer months. Lampropeltis t. annulata can also be found crossing roads at night, often crossing near low-water crossings during spring and early fall in the late evenings. Lampropeltis t. amaura can be found seeking refuge underneath bark or hiding in tree stumps during the winter months, and occassionally is found under rocks during the wetter portions of the spring.

Reproduction. The milksnakes are egg layers, breeding in the spring and lay their clutches of 5-12 eggs in the summer. Newborn milksnakes emerge in late summer, measuring 23-24 cm (9 in) in length.

Size. Across the four subspecies of Lampropeltis triangulum found in Texas, there is a wide range of adult body sizes, from the smallest subspecies, L. t. amaura (max 61 cm; 24 in), to the largest, L. t. annulata (51-81 cm; 20-32 in).

Map. Map is based on museum voucher specimens; last updated 12 November 2014.

Lepidochelys kempii

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Scientific name. Lepidochelys kempii

Common Name. Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle

General information. Adult Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle are restricted to the warm waters of the Caribbean. Little is known about their daily behavior, but they are thought to be diurnal, spending their day alternating between feeding and resting. This species is carnivorous, feeding on crabs, shrimp, snails, bivalves, jellyfish as well as marine plants and algae.

Protected status. The Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle is considered an endangered species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state. Additional protection has been afforded to this species as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service considers the Kemp's ridley seaturtle to be a federally endangered species.

Diagnostic features. Heart-shaped carapace with five pair of pleural scutes (the first pair in contact with 1st cervical scute) Mid-dorsal knobs present, decreasing in height with age. Posterior edge of carapace serrated. Unhinged plastron. Four inframarginals with pores along bridge. Head wide with two pairs of prefrontals. Short snout with hooked upper jaw. Paddle-like front limbs.

Coloration. Carapace dark green to gray Plastron and bridge white. Skin and head gray. Chin and throat yellow and neck dark.

General distribution. In North America, adults of Lepidochelys kempii are rarely found outside of the Caribbean; juveniles are known from many locations across the Atlantic.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Lepidochelys kempii has been spotted along the beaches of most of the Texas Gulf Coast.

Habitat. Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle prefers shallow waters (50 m or less); juvenile ridley seaturtles can be found in association with Sargassum (seaweed) mats.

Reproduction. Nesting occurs April to July. Females may lay eggs every year, or every two or three years. Clutch sizes average 100-110 and incubation is between 60-70 days.

Size. Lepidochelys kempii reaches a maximum carapace length of 75 cm (30 in).

Leptodactylus fragilis

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Scientific name. Leptodactylus fragilis

Common Name. Mexican White-lipped Frog

General information. Leptodactylus fragilis is nocturnal and burrows in the damp soil during the day, foraging at night.

Protected status. The Mexican White-lipped Frog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Rather pointed head Dorsolateral folds present along torso and circular ventral disk is present on belly (as in E. augusti)

Coloration. Dorsal color varies from gray to brown with dark dorsal spots of varying sizes White or cream colored line present along upper lip.

General distribution. In North America, Leptodactylus fragilis is found from the southern tip of Texas, south through Central America to Venezuela in northern South America.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Leptodactylus fragilis is restricted to the extreme southern tip of the state in Cameron, Hidalgo and Starr Counties.

Habitat. The habitat of Leptodactylus fragilis consists of various moist places including roadside ditches, irrigated fields, and low grasslands.

Reproduction. Breeding in Leptodactylus fragilis takes place during heavy rains in the spring. Eggs are laid in whipped foam secretions in a depression at the base of vegetation near water; tadpoles are protected within this mass, even in dry weather. Tadpoles are “freed” from nest with rains that flood the depression.

Size. Leptodactylus fragilis grows to an adult size of 3-5 cm (1.5-2 in).

Calls.

Leptodeira septentrionalis

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Scientific name. Leptodeira septentrionalis

Common Name. Northern Cat-eyed Snake

General information. Hunting at night or in the extremely dense foliage of south Texas, L. septentrionalis feeds primarily on frogs and toads along water courses, with records of rodents, lizards, and other snakes found in the literature. This is a mildly venomous (rear-fanged) species that envenomates its prey by way of enlarged teeth found in the rear of the mouth; the venom is used for immobilization of prey items, not to kill them. Leptodeira are known to be semiarboreal as well, searching for its prey in the trees. As much of its habitat is disappearing from south Texas, L. septentrionalis is thought to be a rare snake in the state.

Protected status. As a consequence of its dwindling habitat, L. septentrionalis is listed as an threatened species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is protected by the state of Texas.

Diagnostic features. Divided anal plate Smooth dorsal scales (some with apical pits), and 21-23 dorsal scale rows at midbody The cat-eyed snake is characterized by its bulging and large, golden eyes with vertical elliptical pupils, which allude to its nocturnal behavior. Cat-eyed snakes also have a large, broad head, in comparison with their narrow neck and body

Coloration. A dorsal ground color of cream to dark tan, with a series of dark brown or black crossbands that saddle the body, not intruding onto the belly. The chin and throat are pale colored, deepening to orange at midbody and a salmon under the tail. The belly scales also have a darker posterior border.

General distribution. Leptodeira septentrionalis is found from the southern tip of Texas, along the Gulf Coast in Mexico, through Central America, into northern South America.

Texas distribution. The only subspecies of Leptodeira found in the state, L. s. septentrionalis, is restricted to a handful of counties, mostly along the Rio Grande Valley in the few remaining stretches of habitat remaining.

Habitat. The Northern Cat-eyed Snake is found only in the extreme southern portions of the state in thornscrub and subtropical habitats.

Reproduction. Females lay clutches of eggs, average of 7 eggs, in the spring with an incubation period of two and a half months. Hatchlings are typically 20-23 cm (8-9 in) upon emergence from their eggs.

Size. Northern Cat-eyed Snakes, as adults measuring 45.5-61 cm (18-24 in), occassionally reaching lengths of over 91 cm (3 ft).

Map. NA

Liodytes rigida

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Scientific name. Liodytes rigida

Common Name. Glossy Crayfish Snake

General information. The non-venomous Liodytes rigida feeds predominantly on freshly molted crayfish, though a variety of fish, amphibians, and various insects have been documented as food items. Usually only seen above ground during times of heavy rains, R. rigida can also be found by digging into the moist soils under logs, boards, and stones found near the water’s edge. They are not known to bite, even when handled by humans. Nocturnal, the activity of this crayfish snake lasts from March to November.

Protected status. The Glossy Crayfish Snake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Despite its shiny appearance, Liodytes rigida has keeled dorsal scales (in 19 rows at midbody) Divided anal plate.

Coloration. Background color is a shiny olive-brown, with a dull yellow lateral stripe found along the first and second scale rows A thin dark line bisects the lateral stripe. The ventral surface is usually yellowish with a medially placed double row of pigmented, half-moon shaped spots.

General distribution. Liodytes rigida is found along the Gulf of Mexico, from Florida and Georgia to the east, to the wetter portions of eastern Texas and Oklahoma; they, however, are not found along the Mississippi Delta in Louisiana.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Liodytes rigida found in Texas, L. r. sinicola (the Gulf Crayfish Snake), is a reclusive snake found only in the extreme eastern portions of the state.

Habitat. The Glossy Crayfish Snake, an uncommonly seen small snake because of its nocturnal feeding habits and subterranean lifestylefound, is exclusively found in the eastern quarter of the state.

Reproduction. Liodytes rigida is a live-bearing snake, breeding in the spring and giving birth to young during the summer. The juvenile snakes measure 16.5-23 cm (6.5-9 in) at birth.

Size. Liodytes rigida a small species of snake, with adults generally measuring 35.5-61 cm (14-24 in).

Macrochelys temminckii

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Scientific name. Macrochelys temminckii

Common Name. Alligator Snapping Turtle

General information. This turtle species spends much of its underwater; it has only been observed basking above water once. The Alligator Snapping Turtle can not stay underwater as long as other aquatic turtle species, needing to surface at least once an hour during periods of activity. This is an omnivorous species, feeding on many live or dead vertebrate or invertebrate animals. Additionally, roots and fruit are found to be important components of many alligator snapping turtles living in smaller streams and rivers. Other turtles species are included on their menu.

Protected status. The Alligator Snapping Turtle is listed as threatened by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is protected in the state of Texas.

Diagnostic features. Carapace with three prominent keels and additional row of scutes (supramarginal) along each side Carapace serrated posteriorly Bridge is small and unhinged plastron is extremely reduced. Tail roughly equivalent length of carapace. Huge head with hooked beak, with eyes placed laterally on head (not visible from dorsal view). Worm-like pink process on tongue used for luring.

Coloration. Carapace dark (black to brown); plastron grayish brown Skin brown to gray.

General distribution. In North America, the distribution of Macrochelys temminckii includes much of the Mississippi River Valley (known historically as far north as Iowa and Illinois) and adjacent drainages of the southeastern United States.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Macrochelys temminckii is restricted to wetter locations of east Texas.

Habitat. The Alligator Snapping Turtle frequents the bottom of rivers, lakes, sloughs, swamps and bayous.

Reproduction. Nesting season is May to July. Clutch sizes are 9-44 eggs. Nests are laid during the day with incubation lasting 70-105 days.

Size. Macrochelys temminckii is the largest freshwater turtle in North America, reaching carapace lengths of 80 cm (32 cm).

Malaclemys terrapin

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Scientific name. Malaclemys terrapin

Common Name. Diamond-backed Terrapin

General information. This turtle species is physiologically able to live in water with changing salinity, choosing when and if to drink based on the concentration of salt in the surrounding water. This species is also adapted to eating tough, shelled prey, such as crabs, gastropods, and mussels. They are also known to eat fish and aquatic vegetation.

Protected status. The Diamond-backed Terrapin is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Concentric markings on each carapacial scute Slight vertebral keel, may be inconspicuous. Rear marginals flared upward and slightly serrated. Unhinged plastron. Strongly webbed feet. Head small in males, large in females.

Coloration. Carapace dark (brown, gray, or black); plastron pale or white Carapace scutes without light centers. Dorsal surface of head light (whitish); neck and legs grayish with heavy black spotting. Jaws light colored. Eyes black.

General distribution. In North America, Malaclemys terrapin is found along the Atlantic and Gulf Coast shores of the United States, from Texas to Cape Cod.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Malaclemys terrapin found in Texas, M. t. littoralis is present along the barrier islands of Texas, from the vicinity of Kingsville to Sabine Pass.

Habitat. The Diamond-backed Terrapin is restricted to the brackish waters found in tidal creeks, estuaries, and coastal salt marshes.

Reproduction. Nesting season is April through July, although Texas populations may breed earlier. Females are capable of up to five clutches per year in captivity. Number of eggs per clutch in southern populations is around seven. Incubation is likely less than 90 days.

Size. Adult male Malaclemys terrapin range 10-14 cm (4-5.5 in); female M. terrapin are larger, reaching lengths of 15-23 cm (6-9 in).

Masticophis flagellum

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Scientific name. Masticophis flagellum

Common Name. Coachwhip

General information. Although non-venomous, a captured Coachwhip will not hesitate to bite quickly and repeatedly, leaving a series of shallow gashes in its aggressor’s flesh. They are extremely quick and agile, moving across open ground and thick brush with equal effort and speed. Diurnal hunters, their large eyes help them see movement across their terrain. An observer may catch a glimpse of a coachwhip “periscoping” as the snake lifts the anterior third of its body perpendicular to the ground, allowing the snake to survey the landscape above for any potential prey movement. They feed on many different types of vertebrate prey, ranging from lizards and other snakes, to small cottontail rabbits and birds. Coachwhips will frequently climb trees to eat nestling birds or to escape predators. They are active from March to November in the warmer parts of its range.

Protected status. The Coachwhip is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Divided anal plate 17 dorsal scale rows at midbody, with 13 scale rows found just in before the vent Large eyes, in proportion to its head, which are useful for hunting active lizards and mammals

Coloration. The dorsal background color can be highly variable, especially in Masticophis flagellum testaceus, ranging from black, red, yellow-tan, and even pink. There are two subspecies of M. flagellum in Texas, each distinguished by its color pattern. Some people suggest that the more darkly pigmented border of each dorsal scale (especially noticable on the tail) gives both subspecies a braided whip appearance.

General distribution. There are seven subspecies of Masticophis flagellum found throughout the southern half of the U.S. and the northern half of Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the two subspecies of Masticophis flagellum are found throughout the state, with the two subspecies share a wide zone of overlap in the central portion of the state.

Habitat. Although Masticophis f. testaceous is more commonly found in open areas such as grasslands and desert scrub, M. f. flagellum can occupy a wide range of habitats from swamps and creek bottoms to dry meadows.

Reproduction. Coachwhips mate in the spring, and females deposit clutches averaging 10 eggs in June and early July. The young hatch in 6 to 10 weeks, measuring 28-40.5 cm (11-16 in), and looking different than the adults. The juvenile pattern is an overall tan coloration with small brown crossbars down the length of the body. The belly is also pigmented with a double row of black spots, a belly pattern similar to the adult M. f. testaceus.

Size. One of the largest species in Texas, with a record individual measuring over 2.4 m (8 ft) in length, though the average adult size is 1.05-1.5 m (3.5-5 ft).

Map. Colored counties reflect known distribution prior to 1998 for species and/or subspecies; map is based on museum voucher specimens.

Masticophis schotti

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Masticophis schotti

Common Name. Schott’s Whipsnake

General information. Masticophis schotti is a non-venomous diurnal hunter, catching and eating its prey generally without killing it, as it does not constrict their prey. Prey includes mice, small birds, lizards and frogs, though young snakes are thought to consume insects. Active from March to late September, these snakes do not make good pets as their nervous habits are not well suited for captivity.

Protected status. Schott’s Whipsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Divided anal plate Smooth dorsal scales (in 15 dorsal scale rows at midbody).

Coloration. Dorsal ground color ranges from blue-gray, olive and greenish-gray. Belly color is variable, as the chin is generally white, the ventral scales are stippled with blue-gray, and the underside of the tail is red or yellow. There are two recognized subspecies of M. schotti found in Texas, although one subspecies' (Masticophis schotti ruthveni) limited range in Texas is said to broadly overlap that of the other (M. s. schotti).

General distribution. Masticophis schotti are found in Texas and through many of the northeastern states of Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Masticophis schotti are found throughout south Texas, south of the Edwards Plateau.

Habitat. Habitats frequented by Masticophis schotti include brushy thornscrub and mesquite lowlands to river valleys and the Gulf coastal plain.

Reproduction. Female snakes lay 3-12 eggs during May and June, with the young emerging from their eggs in August.

Size. With bodies often not much thicker than a person’s index finger, Masticophis schotti adults are typically 101.5-142 cm (40-56 in) in length.

Masticophis taeniatus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Masticophis taeniatus

Common Name. Striped Whipsnake

General information. Masticophis taeniatus is highly excitable, non-venomous species that will quickly strike out at any predator, leaving small gashes in the attacker; these snakes are infrequently captured by humans because of their incredible agility and speed. This speed is crucial for M. taeniatus as it uses it to hunt down quick moving prey such as lizards, snakes, birds, frogs, and small mammals; other times it will lie motionless, waiting to ambush its unsuspecting prey. Masticophis taeniatus is often found in rocky or heavily vegetated habitats offering many avenues of escape and cover.

Protected status. The Striped Whipsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Smooth scales, in 15 rows at midbody Divided anal plate Extremely slender and long snakes, with attractive white lateral lines and large eyes

Coloration. There are two subspecies which occur in Texas, distinguished on the basis of their dorsal coloration. Both subspecies have a red or coral coloration on the scales underneath the tail.

General distribution. The two subspecies of Masticophis taeniatus are found from eastern Washington and Oregon, through Utah, Arizona and New Mexico, into Texas and south into northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Masticophis taeniatus is found from extreme west Texas, through the Trans-Pecos, to the eastern edges of the Edwards Plateau.

Habitat. A common diurnal snake throughout much of the Trans-Pecos and Edwards Plateau regions, Masticophis taeniatus ranging up to 2000-2200 m elevation ( 6500-7000 ft).

Reproduction. Females lay clutches of eggs in the early part of the summer, with clutch size ranging between 3 and 12 eggs. Young emerge from their eggs about 2 months later, measuring 25-35 cm (10-14 in). The young M. taeniatus do not typically have the white patches along the sides of their body, instead having a narrow white crossband behind the head, an overall reddish-rust color, and a couple of longitudinal stripes along the third and fourth scale rows.

Size. Even though adults may measure 71-182 cm (28-72 in), the head of Masticophis taeniatus is often no bigger around than a person’s thumb!

Micrurus tener

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Scientific name. Micrurus tener

Common Name. Texas Coral Snake

General information. The Texas Coral Snake is venomous and should be treated with great respect and viewed only from a distance. Coral snakes are not generally aggressive and will most likely flee any confrontation if given a chance to retreat. A member of the family of snakes which also includes cobras, the Texas coral snake’s venom is much like that of its relatives in that it is neurotoxic. A neurotoxin affects the respiratory and nervous system of an envenomated animal and it allows the coral snake to subdue its prey without worry of an injury during a struggle. The Texas coral snake has small fangs in the front of its mouth (fangs which do not hinge like those of a rattlesnake) and will repeatedly strike its prey in order to deliver its venom. The Texas coral snake can often be found under boards or large stones during certain times of the year, living in places where other snakes may likely be encountered. The Texas coral snake feeds almost exclusively on other snakes, though a few smooth scaled skinks may be eaten from time to time.

Protected status. The Texas Coral Snake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Divided anal scale. Dorsal scales smooth, in rows of 15 near midbody

Coloration. A series of black, yellow, and red bands that completely encircle the body, with the red bands only touching adjacent yellow bands Anterior portion of the head is black and the red bands of the body are not entirely red, with specks of black pigment found within each red band No red bands found on the head or on the tail, these areas only have yellow and black bands.

General distribution. In the United States, Micrurus tener is found in Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas; additionally, it can be found in many of the northeastern states of Mexico.

Texas distribution. Micrurus tener is common through the southern thorn-scrub portions of the state as well as the pine forests of the east. The Texas coral snake can also be found into the oak-juniper woodland areas of the Edwards Plateau and the eastern stretches of the Trans-Pecos.

Habitat. The Texas Coral Snake can commonly be found in wide variety of habitats, habitats generally consisting of moist vegetation or humid surroundings.

Reproduction. Texas Coral Snakes are egg-layers, laying clutches of 7 to 9 eggs in June or July. The young coral snakes hatch about two months later, measuring between 16.5-24 cm (6.5-9.5 in).

Size. Adult Texas Coral Snakes measure between 51-76 cm (20-30 in) in length, with record individuals measuring just under 121 cm (48 in).

Necturus beyeri

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Scientific name. Necturus beyeri

Common Name. Gulf Coast Waterdog

General information. Necturus beyeri hides under rocks and other debris along the stream edge where it eats crayfish and other invertebrates.

Protected status. The Gulf Coast Waterdog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. External gills in adult stage, as well as lungs. Four reduced limbs, each with four toes. Laterally compressed tail.

Coloration. Dark brown with tan flecks and dark spots. Light ventral surface with dark spots.

General distribution. In the United States, the range of Necturus beyeri is split into two populations on either side of the Mississippi River: eastern Texas and western Louisiana, and eastern Louisiana and southern Mississippi.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Necturus beyeri is found in the central portion of east Texas.

Habitat. Necturus beyeri is strictly aquatic and is found in the sandy bottoms of spring-fed creeks.

Reproduction. Breeding in Necturus beyeri occurs from April to June. This salamander has internal fertilization and females lay 40-70 eggs on the stream bottom.

Size. Necturus beyeri can grow to an adult total length of 16-22 cm (6.5-9 in).

Nerodia clarkii

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Scientific name. Nerodia clarkii

Common Name. Saltmarsh Snake

General information. Being able to live in a harsh salty environment makes Nerodia clarkii atypical among the snakes of Texas. Drinking no salt water during its existence in the marshes, it aquires all of its water from its prey. These prey species include frogs and a wide variety of invertebrates, including shrimp, crabs, and crayfish. This non-venomous snake, also found on many of the grass-lined coastal barrier islands, is not considered aggressive, though it will definitely bite without hesitation if handled.

Protected status. The Saltmarsh Snake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Divided anal plate 21-23 keeled dorsal scale rows near midbody.

Coloration. One of the most distinctly patterned snakes in all of Texas, with its four dark longitudinal stripes contrasting greatly with its light gray colored background. The upper two stripes are generally black with the two stripes found lower on the body either tan or light brown. The belly is red or brown, with a median row of light spots found on the ventrals. Some individuals may have three rows of these light spots on the belly.

General distribution. Only found in the U.S., Nerodia clarkii is found along much of the Texas coastal wetland, as well as along the entire coastline of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and the majority of the Florida coast.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Nerodia clarkii is found along the coastline, from Corpus Christi eastward to the Texas-Louisiana border.

Habitat. The Saltmarsh Snake is aptly named as this snake is rarely found in fresh water environments, spending its entire life among the salt-grass marshes of the tidal wetlands.

Reproduction. As many as 44 juvenile snakes may be born in a single litter. Nerodia clarkii is viviparous, giving birth to live young, which may be as long as 24.5 cm (9.5 in) when born.

Size. Not a large snake, Nerodia clarkii typically measures between 38-76 cm (15-30 in).

Nerodia cyclopion

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Scientific name. Nerodia cyclopion

Common Name. Mississippi Green Watersnake

General information. Eating a variety of fish, frogs, toads and salamanders, the non-venomous Nerodia cyclopion is primarily nocturnal, searching for its prey along the mud- and sand-lined banks of ponds or slow moving bodies of water at night. When cornered this non-aggressive snake will zealously defend itself with an arsenal of quick, repeated bites and a foul smelling musk released from its vent.

Protected status. The Mississippi Green Watersnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. The row of subocular scales found in Nerodia cyclopion is a unique character that separates it from all other species of Nerodia. Unfortunately, to accurately see this character it requires a close examination of the snake’s head, which may result in a painful bite from the non-venomous water snake Keeled dorsal scales, in rows of 27 to 29 near midbody Divided anal plate

Coloration. The dorsal surface is a deep olive or brown, with a gray or brown belly, and yellow throat Generally only a hint of dark dorsal pattern evident on dark dorsal surface The belly is marked with a random assortment of light colored spots or crescents.

General distribution. The range of Nerodia cyclopion is restricted to the United States. This species is found in much of the lower Mississippi River valley and parts of the coastline adjacent to the Mississippi River delta. It can be found as far north as Illinois, and is found along the Gulf of Mexico coastline from Texas to the Florida Panhandle.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Nerodia cyclopion is present along the upper Gulf Coast, from Port Aransas eastward to the Louisiana border. Additionally, N. cyclopion is found in the lower portions of the Sabine River, as it flows along the border between Texas and Louisiana.

Habitat. Nerodia cyclopion is one of the few water snakes in Texas which can occassionally be found in brackish water, though it is generally found in the fresh-water confines of lakes, marshes and swamps.

Reproduction. Nerodia cyclopion is a live-bearing snake and incredibly prolific, with as many as 101 offspring recorded in a single litter. The neonates measure 23-28 cm (9-11 in) at birth, which may take place between June and September.

Size. Adult Nerodia cyclopion are 76-114 cm (30-45 in) in length

Nerodia erythrogaster

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Scientific name. Nerodia erythrogaster

Common Name. Plain-bellied Watersnake

General information. Adults of both subspecies feed primarily on fish and amphibians, whereas juveniles often feed on tadpoles, small fish, and invertebrates. Nerodia erythrogaster has been found foraging both at night and during the day, though it is much more nocturnal in the western part of its range. Though non-venomous, N. erythrogaster will not hesitate to strike and bite an attacker, and will often release a terrible smelling musk to complement its defense. During the day, N. erythrogaster can be found basking on branches and vegetation overhanging the water. This allows for a quick escape into the water and a startled snake will frequently drop into the water and swim across to the opposite bank to seek refuge.

Protected status. The Plain-bellied Watersnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. 23-27 keeled dorsal scale rows near midbody. Divided anal plate.

Coloration. Superficially looks like many other species of water snakes, with a dark olive or gray dorsal coloration. There are two subspecies of N. erythrogaster found in Texas, distinguished by their dorsal and ventral color patterns.

General distribution. The range of Nerodia erythrogaster, including the four subspecies found in the U.S., stretches across much of the southeastern U.S., found from the east coast of the Atlantic to the southeast corner of New Mexico. Isolated populations are also present as far north as Ohio and Michigan. The range of N. e. transversa extends into northern Mexico and additional subspecies are found through the eastern portions of that country.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the two subspecies of Nerodia erythrogaster, are found throughout much of Texas, save the western half of the Panhandle and the most arid regions of the western Trans-Pecos. The two subspecies intergrade regularly along the borders of their ranges, especially in the southeastern corner of the state, east of Houston.

Habitat. The two Texas subspecies of Nerodia erythrogaster are commonly found near slow moving portions of rivers and streams, though N. e. transversa is more arid adapted, found in tanks and ponds in parts of the arid Trans-Pecos. Nerodia e. flavigaster is often seen in marshes, swamps and flooded woodlands.

Reproduction. As it is a viviparous snake, Nerodia erythrogaster will give birth to an average of 16 live snakes in August and September. The juveniles of both subspecies, measuring 19-33 cm (7.5-13 in) at birth, look different than their parents, having a series of brown saddles middorsally on a tan or pink dorsal background.

Size. Adult sizes of Nerodia erythrogaster are also typical of many species of Nerodia (adults 76-122 cm [30-48 in]).

Nerodia fasciata

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Nerodia fasciata

Common Name. Southern Watersnake

General information. Non-venomous, Nerodia fasciata hunts fish and a wide variety of amphibians, particularly frogs. A nocturnal hunter, N. fasciata spends the day resting in the vegetation along the water’s edge or hides deep in rodent burrows along the bank. Many species of Nerodia are suspected of being venomous cottonmouths (Agisktrodon piscivorus) but the behavior of the two snakes is tremendously different. Cottonmouths move much more slowly in the water, often keeping their entire body afloat. When threatened, cottonmouths show off their namesake white lined mouth in a defensive posture. All species of Nerodia are quick, agile swimmers which move rapidly through the water and water snakes never gape open their mouths if threatened. They may instead flatten their bodies in an attempt to look larger.

Protected status. The Southern Watersnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Keeled scales, usually in rows of 21 to 27 near midbody Divided anal scales.

Coloration. Dark crossbands on dorsal surface and dark ocular stripe Two subspecies of Nerodia fasciata are distinguished by dorsal background color Yellow or cream colored ventral surface.

General distribution. The three subspecies of Nerodia fasciata cover many of the southern U.S. states. Found in the western half of the lower Mississippi River valley, N. fasciata is also found along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, from Texas to Florida, and along the Atlantic Coast, from Florida to North Carolina.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Nerodia fasciata confluens is found in the eastern third of the state. Nerodia f. pictiventris is restricted, at present, to Cameron County, having been introduced there in the first half of the century from Florida.

Habitat. Both subspecies of Nerodia fasciata prefer heavily vegetated lakes and ponds, though both are occassionally seen along canals and streams.

Reproduction. Like all Nerodia, N. fasciata is viviparous and may have give birth to as many as 50 live offspring per litter. These neonates measure 19-26.5 cm (7.5-10.5 in) when born during the early summer months and are more brightly colored than their parents.

Size. Adult Nerodia fasciata commonly average between 56-106.5 cm (22-42 in) in length.

Nerodia harteri

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Nerodia harteri

Common Name. Brazos River Watersnake

General information. A diurnal hunter, Nerodia harteri depends on the rocks in its habitat for security and without rocks, there are no Brazos watersnakes. Nerodia harteri is not considered a food generalist, prefering a diet of small fish, though individuals have been recorded as eating a variety of salamander and frog species, as well as an occassional crayfish. Much of the habitat for this species is disappearing due to human influences. Dams have been built, flooding the prefered rocky shoreline habitat of N. harteri. Additional introductions of non-native plants, including salt cedar have further changed shoreline habitats, making them unsuitable for this snake species.

Protected status. The Brazos River Watersnake is recognized as threatened by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the law.

Diagnostic features. Anal plate divided Keeled dorsal scales in rows of 21 to 25 near midbody. Two small scales present in between the posterior set of large chin scales

Coloration. Brown-gray or green-brown dorsum Four rows of dark dorsal spots running the length of body giving a checkerboard appearance Belly pink or orange and pigmented with spots along margins of ventral scales. Throat and neck are yellow or cream in color.

General distribution. The Brazos River Watersnake has one of the most restricted ranges of any Texas snake, found only along portions of the Brazos River.

Texas distribution. Nerodia harteri is restricted to the upper portions of the Brazos river drainage in north-central Texas.

Habitat. The exclusive habitat of Nerodia harteri are the rocky stream beds and banks of the Brazos River; this species is not found along the sandy stretches of this river system.

Reproduction. The Brazos watersnake is viviparous, meaning it gives birth to live young. This occurs generally occurs in September and October as litters of as many as 23 young are born, with neonates measuring between 18-25.5 cm (7-10 in) in length.

Size. Adult Nerodia harteri average 51-76 cm (20-30 in) in length.

Nerodia paucimaculata

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Nerodia paucimaculata

Common Name. Concho Watersnake

General information. A non-venomous snake, Nerodia paucimaculata is primarily diurnal, actively foraging for food (mainly fish) during the morning and early afternoon. Rarely found more than 2 meters (6.5 ft) from the water, Concho watersnakes bask over the water, allowing for a quick escape when threatened by would-be attackers.

Protected status. The Concho Watersnake is considered an endangered species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state. Additional protection has been afforded to this species as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service considers the Concho watersnake to be a federally threatened species.

Diagnostic features. Divided anal scale Keeled dorsal scales in 21-23 rows near midbody. A single row of scales separate the posterior chinshields

Coloration. Dorsal ground color is light tan with reddish tint Four faint rows of dorsal blotches Orangish or pink belly is either lightly marked with dark pigment or immaculate. If faint belly markings are present, they are found on the margins of the ventral scales.

General distribution. The entire range of Nerodia paucimaculata is found in Texas.

Texas distribution. Nerodia paucimaculata is only found along the Concho and Colorado Rivers in west-central Texas.

Habitat. Unfortunately, damming of the Concho and Colorado Rivers has flooded much of the essential habitat of this snake: rocky shorelines. Additional habitat of the Concho Watersnake has been altered due to increased vegetation and sedimentation. Much of the increased vegetation is caused by introduction of non-native species, with the primary culprit being salt cedar. Further construction of dams threaten over 20% of the remaining habitat for these snakes.

Reproduction. Little is known about the reproductive natural history of this species, other than it is viviparous.

Size. Adult Nerodia paucimaculata typically measure 51-76 cm (20-30 in) in length

Nerodia rhombifer

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Scientific name. Nerodia rhombifer

Common Name. Diamond-backed Watersnake

General information. Along with being a habitat generalist, Nerodia rhombifer is also a food generalist, eating fish, frogs, toads, crayfish and an occasional young turtle. Again, although N. rhombifer is non-venomous, it is a zealous biter and will bite an attacker repeatedly. The attacker is also frequently covered with musky feces released by the agitated snake.

Protected status. The Diamond-backed Watersnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Anal plate is divided Keeled dorsal scales are in 25 to 31 rows near midbody.

Coloration. The background color typically light olive-brown dorsally, with the olive becoming brown laterally. A series of rhomboid-shaped blotches runs the length of the vertebral column, with each of the blotches being connected to another series of vertical black bars found on each side by thin black lines. Belly is either yellow, olive, or buff and is marked with dark crescents found along the margins of the ventral scales. Top of the head is a deep olive color and the majority of the supralabial scales are yellow, outlined with black pigment.

General distribution. The range of Nerodia rhombifer covers many states of the lower Mississippi River Valley, found as far north as Iowa; Mexican subspecies of N. rhombifer are found in Mexico and occur along the Atlantic coast of that country.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Nerodia rhombifer is found in a majority of water holes in the eastern half of the state.

Habitat. Nerodia rhombifer is the habitat generalist of the watersnakes. They can be commonly found in a variety of water bodies: swamps, rivers, ditches and water tanks; three individuals have even been found floating in a car tire in a pond.

Reproduction. Nerodia rhombifer is viviparous, giving birth to an average of 47 live young, each of which measure between 20-33 cm (8-13 in). These young snakes are born in the late summer and early fall.

Size. Reaching lengths of 152.5 cm (60 in), Nerodia rhomibfer is usually encountered at lengths of 76-122 cm (30-48 in).

Nerodia sipedon

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Scientific name. Nerodia sipedon

Common Name. Common Watersnake

General information. Like most watersnakes, the northern watersnake is extremely wary and will dive into water to escape potential predators. When cornered and threatened, this watersnake will flatten its entire body and will proceed to vigorously lunge and try to bite its aggressor. Watersnakes are notorious for producing copious amounts of foul smelling musk in an attempt to drive off predators. Fish and amphibians make up the majority of the northern watersnake's diet.

Protected status. The Common Watersnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Dorsal scales keeled, in rows of 23 at midbody Divided anal plate

Coloration. Dorsal color dark brown to reddish brown Crossbands complete on neck and anterior quarter of body; crossbands broader dorsally, narrower laterally Crossbands broken in posterior portion of body, intermixed with lateral bars. Wide interspaces tan, reddish-brown, or gray-brown. Dorsal pattern may fade and become indistinct with age. Ventral surface marked with two rows of red or reddish-brown half moons. Head unmarked (brown) save pigment outlining labial scales.

General distribution. In North America, Nerodia sipedon is found across the U.S. Midwest and East Coast.

Texas distribution. The presence of Nerodia sipedon in Texas is based on two specimens collected in Grayson County along the Red River; the two specimens are assigned to the subspecies N. s. pleuralis and it is not known whether this taxon still persists in Texas.

Habitat. The Common Watersnake prefers slow-moving streams and rivers with gravel bottoms, but may be found in swamps, marshes, lakes and ponds.

Reproduction. Live young are born in late summer with litter sizes ranging from 8-46. Neonate snakes measure 19-30 cm (7.5-12 in) at birth.

Size. Adult Nerodia sipedon average 55-100 cm (22-40 in) total length.

Notophthalmus meridionalis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Notophthalmus meridionalis

Common Name. Black-spotted Newt

General information. Notophthalmus meridionalis finds shelter among submerged rocks and feeds on insects, mollusks, leeches, and small amphibians. Notophthalmus meridionalis also has toxic secretions from skin glands to deter predators.

Protected status. The Black-spotted Newt is considered a threatened species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state.

Diagnostic features. Smooth-skinned newt with a relatively large head. Elongate limbs. Finned, vertically compressed tail.

Coloration. Olive green dorsum and orange ventral surface, both with large black spots. Yellow stripes on back and blue-green coloration on sides may be present.

General distribution. In North America, Notophthalmus meridionalis is found in south Texas and adjacent Mexico.

Texas distribution. The only subspecies of Notophthalmus meridionalis found in Texas,N. m. meridionalis, is found along the coast in the southern portion of the state.

Habitat. Notophthalmus meridionalis prefers warm, shallow waters with vegetative cover, such as those in ponds, ditches, and swamps.

Reproduction. Breeding peaks in the spring for Notophthalmus meridionalis, but can occur all year. Females will lay up to 300 eggs and attach them to submerged vegetation in shallow waters.

Size. Notophthalmus meridionalis grows to an adult total length of 5-11 cm (2-4.2 in).

Notophthalmus viridescens

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Notophthalmus viridescens

Common Name. Eastern Newt

General information. Adult Notophthalmus viridescens find shelter among submerged rocks and feed on insects, mollusks, leeches, and small amphibians. They have toxic secretions from skin glands with which to deter predators. The eft is terrestrial and is active during or after rains.

Protected status. The Eastern Newt is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Adult: stout newt with relatively small head, short limbs, and a vertically compressed tail. Eft: rounded tail

Coloration. Adult: yellow-brown to dark brown dorsum and yellow venter with numerous black spots on ventral surface. Eft: red-orange color with little spotting.

General distribution. In North America, Notophthalmus viridescens is found from Lake Superior south to Texas and eastward to South Carolina.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Notophthalmus viridescens is found in the eastern third of the state.

Habitat. Adult Notophthalmus viridescens are found in the shallow waters of streams with vegetative cover, such as in ditches, swamps, and ponds. Land-stage efts are found on the forest floor.

Reproduction. Breeding in occurs in late winter to early spring. Females lay up to 200-400 eggs and attach them singly to submerged vegetation in shallow waters.

Size. As adults, aquatic Notophthalmus viridescens grow to 6-13 cm (2.5-5.5 in) total length Terrestrial efts of this species grow between 3-8 cm (1.4-3.4 in) in total length.

Opheodrys aestivus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Opheodrys aestivus

Common Name. Rough Greensnake

General information. Opheodrys aestivus is often found in trees and bushes hiding from predators or foraging for food, which consists of crickets, grasshoppers, and spiders, in addition to the larvae of moths and butterflies. The rough greensnake is also found along water courses, and will readily enter the water to escape a predator or to chase down prey items. At times, O. aestivus may be found dead on roads and its green coloration is lost, assuming a blue tint in death.

Protected status. The Rough Greensnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Divided anal plate Keeled scales in 17 rows at midbody

Coloration. Bright green dorsal coloration is in contrast to a white chin and pale green, yellow, or cream colored belly. Labial scales are often tinged with yellow and the eye may also be ringed with the same color.

General distribution. Opheodrys aestivus is a common snake found throughout the southeastern U.S., from Virginia along the Atlantic Coast, to Florida and west throughout much of Texas. Populations are also found in Mexico, along the Gulf of Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the Rough Greensnake is can be found in the eastern two-thirds of the state, not being present in the Panhandle and western Trans-Pecos regions

Habitat. Opheodrys aestivus is found in a variety of habitats throughout Texas, including thornscrub thickets, rocky wooded hillsides, as well as swamps and occassional open savannahs. The common factor found in these habitats is vegatation, with the more vegetation present, the less likely the non-venomous rough greensnake is to be spotted.

Reproduction. Females lay clutches of eggs in the second half of summer and young emerge from their eggs in August or September measuring 19-21 cm (7.5-8 in) in length.

Size. Opheodrys aestivus is the largest of the two green snakes found in Texas, with adults measuring 56-81 cm (22-32 in).

Opheodrys vernalis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Opheodrys vernalis

Common Name. Smooth Greensnake

General information. The Smooth Greensnake is much more of a terrestrial snake than its relative, the rough greensnake, which is much more of a climbing snake. Opheodrys vernalis, a non-venomous species, will climb vegetation in search of food or to escape the midday heat, but is generally found on the ground. Food consists of mainly insects and spiders, but individuals east of Texas have also been recorded eating salamanders, slugs, snails, and even centipedes and millipedes.

Protected status. Because of its limited distribution in Texas, Opheodrys vernalis is listed as threatened by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is protected by the state of Texas.

Diagnostic features. Divided anal plate Smooth dorsal scales in 15 rows at midbody

Coloration. Bright green dorsal surface. Greenish-yellow or white ventral surface which extends up to the second dorsal scale row.

General distribution. Opheodrys vernalis is found throughout portions of the northeastern and northcentral parts of the U. S., ranging from Maine and New Hampshire, through the Great Lakes, along with scattered and isolated populations found through many of the central states, as far west as Colorado and New Mexico.

Texas distribution. The one subspecies of Opheodrys vernalis found in Texas, O. v. blanchardi, is restricted to one isolated population along the southeast coast near Houston and Victoria; there are only 6 known museum specimens for Opheodrys vernalis in Texas. These Texas populations are over 800 km away from the nearest populations found in either New Mexico or Missouri.

Habitat. Opheodrys vernalis is most often found in meadows or shortgrass prairie habitats, but because of its cryptic coloration, it is generally only seen when it is active in the open.

Reproduction. Eggs are laid in the late summer months, clutch sizes between 2-18, and in some northern populations, the young emerge only a few days later because advanced development which had taken place within the eggs before they were laid. Clutches from southern populations incubate longer, with young hatching out during September and October.

Size. Adult Opheodrys vernalis typically measure 30-51 cm (12-20 in) in length; record size is over 38 cm (15 in).

Ophisaurus attenuatus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Ophisaurus attenuatus

Common Name. Slender Glass Lizard

General information. This legless lizard is diurnal and feeds on insects, spiders, and small vertebrates. When threatened, the glass lizard may “shatter” into several pieces, leaving its tail behind. A new tail is grown over a period of a few weeks.

Protected status. The Slender Glass Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Legs absent Stiff lizard with large, platelike scales. Lateral grooves. Long tail, almost 2 1/2 times that of head and body Eyes with movable eyelids and visible external ear openings

Coloration. Pale yellow with dark middorsal stripe Lateral stripes below lateral grooves.

General distribution. In North America, Ophisaurus attenuatus is found across portions of the Midwest, from Illinois and Kansas southward to Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Ophisaurus attenuatus is found in the eastern half of the state.

Habitat. The Slender Glass Lizard can be seen in dry grasslands, as well as in wooded areas within its range. This species can also be found on many of the coastal barrier islands where it feeds on insects and other arthropods.

Reproduction. Breeding and reproduction take place in the spring. Clutches of 8-17 eggs are laid between June and August with the female remaining with the eggs during their 50-60 day incubation.

Size. Ophisaurus attenuatus can grow to an adult size of 55-105 cm (22-42 in).

Pantherophis bairdi

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Pantherophis bairdi

Common Name. Baird’s Ratsnake

General information. This ratsnake is slow-moving and generally calm. Pantherophis bairdi will hiss and may strike if threatened. Feeds on small mammals (including bats), birds, and lizards.

Protected status. Baird’s Ratsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Scales are faintly keeled, with 27 scale rows at midbody Divided anal plate.

Coloration. Dorsal color is grey-brown with scales edged in yellow or orange-yellow on forebody and deep orange or salmon toward rear Adults with four dark longitudinal stripes. Ventral surface light grey to pale yellow but darkens to salmon under tail.

General distribution. In North America, Pantherophis bairdi is found only in portions of Texas and northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Pantherophis bairdi is found from south-central Texas to Big Bend.

Habitat. Pantherophis bairdi can be found across rocky, wooded areas of Cretaceous limestone canyons of the Edwards Plateau and upland and desert parts of the Trans-Pecos.

Reproduction. Breeding takes place in early summer and a clutch of up to 10 eggs is laid mid-summer. Incubation lasts about 12 weeks. Hatchlings are 12 inches long and marked with gray and brown blotches. These blotches slowly fade into the background coloration of the snakes as they become adults, gaining the longitudinal stripes as the blotches disappear

Size. Adult Pantherophis bairdi can grow to lengths of 62.5-137.5 cm (25-55 in).

Pantherophis emoryi

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Scientific name. Pantherophis emoryi

Common Name. Great Plains Ratsnake

General information. Primarily nocturnal, Pantherophis emoryi can be seen crossing rural roads near water or moisture from April to September or October. They are non-venomous, but they may still act very fierce and will even bite when handled or molested, leaving small gashes in one’s flesh. Like many ratsnakes, P. emoryi will often vibrate its tail when disturbed. Their prey consists of various mammals, birds, frogs, toads, and lizards. They have been known to wait outside of bat roosts at dusk, waiting to snatch from midair an unsuspecting mammal as its flies out of its daytime retreat. These ratsnakes can be found during the day by flipping rocks or debris near areas of moisture, a precious commodity in much of central and west Texas. Also associated with human habitation, P. emoryi have been captured in the middle of El Paso, Texas, hiding under boards near several chicken coops.

Protected status. The Great Plains Ratsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. The differences seen in the numbers of ventral and caudal scales, which are sometimes used as distinguishing characters between the taxa, cannot be used reliably as variation within each taxa is large. Dorsal scales are smooth, in rows of either 27 or 29 at midbody Anal plate is divided.

Coloration. Two brown stripes that come together in a point on the top of its head between the eyes. The brown stripes, along with corresponding brown blotches along the middle of the back, are highly visible against the light tan background. In both subspecies, the belly is mostly white with black markings forming a feeble checkerboard pattern. Pigment on the underside of the tail forms two lines that run the length of the tail Number of dorsal blotches is the primary character used to separate the two subspecies in Texas: Pantherophis emoryi emoryi has more blotches (45 or more) than P. e. meahllmorum (44.5 or less).

General distribution. Pantherophis emoryi is found in many of the south central U.S. states including Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas; Pantherophis emoryi is also found in several adjacent northern Mexico states.

Texas distribution. Pantherophis emoryi is found throughout the western and southern halves of the state, from the Panhandle and Trans-Pecos, east through the Red River Valley and Edwards Plateau, and then south to the Texas Gulf Coast and southern Rio Grande Valley.

Habitat. Pantherophis emoryi can be found throughout much of Texas, generally associated with moist riparian zones or agricultural areas.

Reproduction. These snakes breed in the spring, with as many as 14 eggs being laid in the early summer months. Juveniles, measuring between 14-24 cm (5.5-9.5 in), hatch in August and September.

Size. Adult Pantherophis emoryi generally measure 76-106.5 cm (30-42 in), though some may reach 152.5 cm (60 in).

Pantherophis guttatus

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Scientific name. Pantherophis guttatus

Common Name. Cornsnake

General information. Pantherophis guttatus is secretive but active in warm months. Generally a calm species, but it may strike if threatened. This snake feeds on small mammals, birds, frogs, and lizards that are killed by constriction. This snake species is nocturnal and remains under the cover of logs and other debris during the day.

Protected status. The Cornsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Scales are faintly keeled along spine, with 27-29 scale rows at midbody Divided anal plate.

Coloration. Dorsal color varies from red to orange, but may tend to brown in upland areas. Dorsal blotches strongly outlined in black. Ventral markings include checkered pattern of black on white and striping on the underside of the tail. Two stripes meet on head to form a point between the eyes

General distribution. In North America, Pantherophis guttatus is found from New Jersey to Colorado and from Nebraska to central Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Pantherophis guttatus is found in the eastern one-fourth of the state.

Habitat. In Texas, Pantherophis guttatus is seen in wooded areas and along the edge of agricultural areas.

Reproduction. Pantherophis guttatus lays as many as 25 eggs in the late spring/early summer. Young emerge from the eggs in 8-10 weeks measuring 27.5-37.5 cm (11-15 in) in length.

Size. Adult Pantherophis guttatus reach total lengths of 60-105 cm (24-42 in).

Pantherophis obsoletus

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Scientific name. Pantherophis obsoletus

Common Name. Western Ratsnake

General information. Western Ratsnakes are the only rat snake in Texas that can be considered arboreal, as they seek food and refuge inside hollow limbs as well as on exposed branches. Being able to access many different habitats, these rat snakes feed on a variety of mammalian, avian, reptilian (mainly lizards) and amphibian (mainly frogs and toads) prey. Pantherophis obsoletus also can be found associated with human habitations, as snakes may take up residence in barns and associated farm structures. They kill their prey by constriction, immobilizing their prey in coils of their bodies before consuming them. Easily one of the most ill-tempered snakes found in Texas, it is non-venomous but will bite any aggressor voraciously.

Protected status. The Western Ratsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Divided anal plate Dorsal scales, in 27 rows at midbody, are keeled only along the spine.

Coloration. A series of around 30 brown blotches are positioned down the length of the back, on a gray or yellowish background Red flecks of pigment can be seen on the skin between the dorsal scales Ventral surface has an obscured white and black checkerboard pattern Underside of the tail is unmarked and the chin surface is often white.

General distribution. Pantherophis obsoletus has a wide distribution throughout much of the eastern and southern U.S.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies found in Texas, Pantherophis o. lindheimeri is found throughout much of Texas, ranging westward to the western edge of the Edwards Plateau, south to Corpus Christi, north to the Red River and eastward to the eastern state boundaries.

Habitat. Pantherophis obsoletus is a common snake that can be found in a variety of habitats, including rivers and streams, heavily wooded areas, and rocky canyons throughout in central and eastern Texas.

Reproduction. Western ratsnakes breed in the spring and early summer, with eggs deposited during the summer. Juveniles hatch out of their eggs from late August to October, measuring 27-40 cm (10.5-16 in) in length.

Size. Pantherophis obsoletus typically reach adult sizes of 106.5-183 cm (42-72 in), with the largest measuring 218.5 cm (86 in).

Phrynosoma cornutum

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Scientific name. Phrynosoma cornutum

Common Name. Texas Horned Lizard

General information. This diurnal lizard is quick, seeking shelter among the brush or in animal burrows. The Texas horned lizard may also cover itself in loose sand. This species is typically seen on warm days of late spring or summer, particularly in the first few hours after dawn and the hours just before dusk; hibernation is from late summer to the following spring. This species of horned lizard feeds on large ants and may squirt blood from its eyes under stress.

Protected status. The Texas Horned Lizard is considered an threatened species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state.

Diagnostic features. Flat, broad lizard Dark lines downward from eyes and across head Pointed snout and short tail Crown of spines on the back of the head, with the two center ones enlarged resembling horns Row of spines projecting from both sides of throat. Two rows of spiny scales on sides of body Large spines on dorsal surface surrounded by dark pigment. Keeled ventral scales.

Coloration. Dorsal ground color varies with environment, but may be tan or gray with white and red or yellow tones The dorsal pattern consists of dark brown spots with pale posterior borders behind the head, on body, and tail on each side of light middorsal line.

General distribution. In North America, Phyrnosoma cornutum is found from Kansas to Louisiana through Texas to New Mexico and northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Phyrnosoma cornutum was originally seen throughout most of the state, but numbers dropped dramatically in the 1950’s and 1960’s with habitat loss, pesticide use, and introduction of the non-native fire ant (Solenopsis invicta). Today, Texas horned lizards are only seen in the western third of the state.

Habitat. Phyrnosoma cornutum prefers warm, sandy, arid environments and is typically found in flat, open areas with little vegetation.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs in late spring upon emergence from hibernation. Females lay eggs (20-40) in burrows where they incubate for 40-50 days.

Size. Phyrnosoma cornutum reaches adult lengths of 6-10.5 cm (2.5-4.25 in).

Phrynosoma hernandesi

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Scientific name. Phrynosoma hernandesi

Common Name. Greater Short-horned Lizard

General information. This species of diurnal lizard may cover itself with soil at night. When threatened, this horned lizard will puff up and hiss while pointing its horns forward to appear menacing and may even squirt blood from its eyes. Hibernation in this species is from late fall to mid-spring.

Protected status. The Greater Short-horned Lizard is considered an threatened species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state.

Diagnostic features. Flat, broad lizard with short tail. Crown of short, reddish spines in two distinct formations on the back of the head. One row of spiny scales on sides of body. Smooth venter with pale orange coloration on chest.

Coloration. Dorsal ground color varies from reddish brown to light gray or brown to a pale yellow. The dorsal pattern consists of pairs of large dark spots with pale posterior borders on the neck and back Head is reddish color.

General distribution. In North America, the range of Phrynosoma hernandesi extends from Utah and Colorado through Arizona and New Mexico and into West Texas and northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Phrynosoma hernandesi is found in two isolated parts of the state: in the Guadalupe Mountains and Davis Mountains.

Habitat. Phrynosoma hernandesi inhabits forested areas or semi-arid plains at higher elevations with sandy soil and pebbles.

Reproduction. Mating occurs in the spring upon emergence from hibernation. Up to as many as 30 live young are born in late summer.

Size. Phrynosoma hernandesi reaches lengths between 6.25-15 cm (2.5-6 in).

Phrynosoma modestum

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Scientific name. Phrynosoma modestum

Common Name. Round-tailed Horned Lizard

General information. This diurnal lizard will flatten its body and remain motionless when threatened. This horned lizard is well camouflaged among the rocks and loose soil where it feeds on ants and beetles. These lizards hibernates during the winter months.

Protected status. The Round-tailed Horned Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Flat, broad lizard with short tail that tapers quickly to a round end. Crown of four short spines on the back of the head No external ear openings. No spiny scales on sides of body.

Coloration. Dorsal ground color varies with environment from light gray to light brown to a pale yellow to reddish brown Dorsal pattern consists of pairs dark spots on neck, groin, and base of tail. Pale gray venter.

General distribution. In North America, the range of Phrynosoma modestum extends from west Texas to eastern Arizona and into northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Phrynosoma modestum is found in west Texas and the Panhandle.

Habitat. Phrynosoma modestum prefers arid or semi-arid environments with sparse vegetation and rocky/gravelly soil.

Reproduction. Egg clutches (up to 9 eggs) are laid in early summer.

Size. Phrynosoma modestum reaches an adult length of 7.5-10 cm (3-4 in).

Pituophis catenifer

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Pituophis catenifer

Common Name. Gophersnake

General information. A commonly encountered snake, Pituophis catenifer is seen as a highly beneficial, non-venomous predator. They feed heavily on mice and are frequently seen around areas of agriculture, areas which attract many rodents which are viewed as pests. Not only are mammals eaten, but many birds, bird eggs, and lizards are also taken as prey by P. catenifer. They have been occassionally found in the low branches of trees and the upper portions of cacti ostensibly looking for bird nests full of eggs. When molested, P. catenifer will often vibrate its tail and take large amounts of air into its lungs. After gulping this air, the snake expels it rapidly through its glottis and modified epiglottis to make a loud hissing noise, enough to scare off most would-be predators. With persistant disturbance, P. catenifer will strike out at its aggressor from an S-shaped coil (not unlike that of a rattlesnake), biting and causing minor wounds in the attacker’s soft flesh.

Protected status. The Gophersnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Dorsal scales are keeled, especially along the spine (usually in rows of 31 or 33 at midbody) Anal plate is undivided.

Coloration. Head is a yellowish tan, with a brown stripe running between the eyes Top of head often speckled with brown spots of pigment Number of dorsal blotches is generally greater than 40, with the blotches on the tail forming a striking crossband pattern. Belly is either white, yellow, or cream colored with dark flecks of pigment scattered throughout the ventral surface.

General distribution. Pituophis catenifer is found from the West Coast to the southcentral states of the U.S., as well as into adjacent northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Pituophis catenifer throughout most of Texas, save the eastern quarter of the state.

Habitat. Pituophis catenifer is a common inhabitant of the deserts and grasslands of the midwest,

Reproduction. Courtship takes place in the spring and the large, white eggs (clutch size between 3-22) are laid in the soil during June and July. Hatchlings emerge in the early fall months after an incubation of about two months, measuring 33-44 cm (13-17 in).

Size. Pituophis catenifer is a large bodied snake, reaching average lengths of 1-1.5 m (3-5 ft), with a record individual measuring 233 cm (92 in).

Pituophis ruthveni

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Scientific name. Pituophis ruthveni

Common Name. Louisiana Pine Snake

General information. Pituophis ruthveni is non-venomous, constricting its prey (mammals and amphibians) until the prey’s subsequent suffocation. Not much is known about the natural history of this animal, especially as its primary habitat of mature piney woods is much less abundant today than it was around the turn of the century. Although it is called a pinesnake, this large snake is strictly terrestrial, seeking to burrow into the sandy soils found in its habitat rather than to climb trees. Pinesnakes are also famous for their “fierce” defensive posture: an S-shaped coil raising the head above the rest of the body, tail vibrating, and a loud hissing noise being produced by air rushing past the snake’s epiglottis.

Protected status. Pituophis ruthveni is listed as endangered by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is therefore protected by the state of Texas.

Diagnostic features. Undivided anal plate Rough, keeled scales (in rows of 27 to 33 at midbody) Enlarged rostral scale, modified for a burrowing lifestyle

Coloration. Tan-yellow dorsal background with contrasting chocolate brown saddles found along the center of the back Differing amounts of black pigmentation may be present dorsally as well, obscuring the saddles along the anterior third of the snake. Amount of dorsal black pigmentation is variable throughout the species' geographic range (snakes found in Louisiana often much darker than those from Texas) Fewer than 40 blotches are found along the back, with the alternating brown blotches and yellow background seen on the tail giving a banded appearance. Ventral scales are yellow or white with black spots present medially, as well as along the dorsal scale border.

General distribution. Pituophis ruthveni is only found in western Louisiana and east Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Pituophis ruthveni is restricted to the remaining piney woods of east Texas.

Habitat. The Louisiana Pinesnake is a secretive snake found in the piney woods of eastern Texas; Pituophis ruthveni is not a frequently encountered snake, with the majority of individuals being found on roadways in the early morning and early evening.

Reproduction. The Louisiana Pine Snake lays eggs, though almost nothing else is known about their reproductive natural history.

Size. Adult Pituophis ruthveni average 122-142 cm [48-56 in]) in length.

Plestiodon anthracinus

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Scientific name. Plestiodon anthracinus

Common Name. Coal Skink

General information. Plestiodon anthracinus is a diurnal skink that avoids capture by slipping into the water and hiding under stones or debris. This skink species feeds on adult insects and insect larvae.

Protected status. The Coal Skink is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Small, cylindrical lizard with a pale, unmarked ventral surface Glossy scales and a long, easily broken tail

Coloration. Dorsal ground color is olive brown. Dorsal pattern consists of two light stripes from the neck onto the tail on each side with a darker coloration between them Males have red coloration on head during breeding season.

General distribution. In North America, Plestiodon anthracinus is found from Missouri and Nebraska to Texas and Louisiana, in parts of Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, and Georgia.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Plestiodon anthracinus found in Texas, P. a. pluvialis, is found in the northeastern part of the state.

Habitat. Plestiodon anthracinus is seen on wooded hillsides near creeks or streams in moist, humid environments.

Reproduction. Egg clutches (average 8 or 9 eggs) are laid in June with the female remaining to guard the nest from predators. Eggs typically hatch after 30 days.

Size. Plestiodon anthracinus reaches adult lengths of 12.5-17.5 cm (5-7 in), including tail.

Plestiodon fasciatus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Plestiodon fasciatus

Common Name. Common Five-lined Skink

General information. Plestiodon fasciatus is a diurnal skink that forages for insects, insect larvae, spiders, and small vertebrates in and around rotting trees.

Protected status. The Common Five-lined Skink is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Small, cylindrical lizard with a pale, unmarked ventral surface. Glossy scales and a long tail.

Coloration. Dorsal ground color varies with age and sex: juveniles are deep black with bright blue tails; adult females are olive brown with gray tails; adult males are brown or olive brown. Dorsal pattern, if present, consists of five light stripes down the length of the back and onto the tail. Males tend to be larger than females. Males tend to lose their markings. Males have red coloration on head during breeding season.

General distribution. In North America, Plestiodon fasciatus has a broad range from the East Coast west to Kansas and from the Great Lakes region to the Gulf Coast.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Plestiodon fasciatus is found in the eastern third of the state.

Habitat. Plestiodon fasciatus can be found in urban areas, but is more commonly seen in damp, wooded areas with lots of leaf litter and decaying logs.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs in the spring. Females lay 6-12 eggs in a rotting log or under a rock between late May and early July. Female brooding is exhibited. Hatchlings appear five to six weeks after eggs are laid..

Size. Adult Plestiodon fasciatus can measure 12.5-20 cm (5-8 in) in total length (including tail).

Plestiodon laticeps

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Plestiodon laticeps

Common Name. Broad-headed Skink

General information. Plestiodon laticeps is a diurnal skink that forages for insects, insect larvae, spiders, and small vertebrates in trees and on rotting trees. This species is adept at climbing.

Protected status. The Broad-headed Skink is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Small, cylindrical lizard with a long tail Bony scales (cycloid) with middle row of scales on ventral surface of tail are wider than others. Females tend to be larger than males.

Coloration. Dorsal ground color varies with age and sex: juveniles are deep black with bright blue tails and adults are brown or olive brown. Dorsal pattern, if present, consists of five light stripes down the length of the back and onto the tail. Males tend to lose their markings with age and may have bluish tail Males have red coloration on head and wide jaws.

General distribution. In North America, Plestiodon laticeps has a broad range from the East Coast west to Kansas and from the Ohio Valley region to the Gulf Coast.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Plestiodon laticeps is found in the eastern third of the state.

Habitat. Plestiodon laticeps is an arboreal skink is seen in urban areas, but is more commonly seen in damp, wooded areas with leaf litter and decaying logs.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs in the spring. Females lay up to 16 eggs in rotting wood or under a rock where female brooding (nest guarding) is exhibited. Hatchlings appear in early summer.

Size. Plestiodon laticeps is one of the largest skink species in Texas, measuring 16-32 cm (6.5-12.75 in) as adults.

Plestiodon multivirgatus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Plestiodon multivirgatus

Common Name. Many-lined Skink

General information. Plestiodon multivirgatus is a diurnal skink species that primarily eats insects. This species seeks shelter under rocks and other debris.

Protected status. The Many-lined Skink is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Small, slender lizard with short limbs and a long tail that is wide at the base

Coloration. Dorsal ground color is brown. Dorsal pattern may consist of dark and light stripes that fade with age, or, there may be no pattern (plain). Males may have orange coloration at lips that extends to ear openings.

General distribution. In North America, Plestiodon multivirgatus has a range from Utah and Arizona to Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, a single subspecies of Plestiodon multivirgatus, P. m. epipleurotus, is found in isolated populations in west Texas and in the Panhandle.

Habitat. Plestiodon multivirgatus is seen in a variety of habitats that range from desert flats to mountainous wooded areas to grassy plains. The striped variety is found in the mountainous habitats, while the plain variety is seen in the arid settings.

Reproduction. Breeding times are not known. Females lay up to 5 eggs. Hatchlings are dark with bright blue tails. Females guard their nests.

Size. Plestiodon multivirgatus is a medium-sized skink, with adults growing to 12.5-19 cm (5-7.5 in) total length.

Plestiodon obsoletus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Plestiodon obsoletus

Common Name. Great Plains Skink

General information. Plestiodon obsoletus is a diurnal skink, but it is secretive and rarely seen in the open. This species feeds on insects, spiders, and occasionally small lizards.

Protected status. The Great Plains Skink is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Largest species of skink in Texas Broad head and long tail Oblique scale rows on sides of body.

Coloration. Dorsal ground color varies from gray to olive-brown to tan. Dorsal pattern may appear to be stripes, but it is simply the dark edges of the scales that create the look. Ventral surface is yellow and unmarked.

General distribution. In North America, Eumeces obsoletus has a range from Nebraska to Arizona to northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Plestiodon obsoletus is found throughout the state, save the eastern third.

Habitat. Plestiodon obsoletus prefers grasslands in the Great Plains with soil suitable for burrowing. In drier habitats, this species is more frequently seen near permanent water courses.

Reproduction. Breeding takes place in late spring. Females lay up to 21 eggs in burrows and female brooding (guarding) is exhibited. Hatchlings are dark with bright blue tails and orange spots on the head.

Size. Plestiodon obsoletus is the largest species of skink in the state, with adults measuring between 16-34 cm (6.5-13.5 in) total length.

Plestiodon septentrionalis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Plestiodon septentrionalis

Common Name. Prairie Skink

General information. This diurnal skink species is wary and retreats at the first sign of danger. This species forages for insects and spiders and is most active just prior to sunrise

Protected status. The Prairie Skink is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Short limbs. Comparatively short tail, about 1 1/4 times the head-body length

Coloration. Dorsal ground color is brown. Dorsal pattern consists of a dark dorsolateral line from the neck onto the tail bordered on each side by a lighter pigment. Ventral surface is light and unmarked Males have orange coloration on head during breeding season.

General distribution. In North America, Plestiodon septentrionalis has a narrow range from Kansas to Texas.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Plestiodon septentrionalis found in Texas, P. s. obtusirostris, is found in the eastern third of the state, save the southeastern corner.

Habitat. Plestiodon septentrionalis is often observed in moist environments among rocks, leaf litter, or other debris.

Reproduction. Breeding takes place in early summer. Females lay up to 18 eggs. Hatchlings have bright blue tails.

Size. Plestiodon septentrionalis reaches adult size at 12.5-20 cm (5-8 in) total length.

Plestiodon tetragrammus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Plestiodon tetragrammus

Common Name. Four-lined Skink

General information. This species of diurnal skink eats insects and spiders found among the leaf litter. This skink finds shelter in burrows or under rocks.

Protected status. The Four-lined Skink is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Cylindrical skink with glossy scales and small limbs.

Coloration. The two subspecies of Plestiodon tetragrammus in Texas are differentiated by the length of their dorsal black bands: P. t. tetragrammus - dorsal pattern consists of a broad black band bordered by light lines from the eye down each side of the back that extends to the hind legs. P. t. brevilineatus - dorsal pattern consists of a broad dark band bordered by light lines from the eye down each side of the back that ends behind the foreleg (also with light “Y” on top of head).

General distribution. In North America, Plestiodon tetragrammus is found from south Texas to northern Veracruz, as well as the Mexican states of Queretaro, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, Coahuila, and Chihuahua.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the two subspecies of Plestiodon tetragrammus cover the western, central and southern portions of the state.

Habitat. Plestiodon tetragrammus brevilineatus prefers rocky areas in wooded environments and is commonly seen among leaf litter. Plestiodon tetragrammus tetragrammus is found in more arid regions where it prefers grassy areas, but is also seen in palm groves and wooded areas.

Reproduction. Breeding times are not known. Females lay 5-12 eggs in depressions and female brooding is exhibited. Hatchlings of both subspecies have light stripes and bright blue tails (P. t. tetragrammus hatchlings may have an orange head).

Size. Plestiodon tetragrammus grow to adult lengths (total length, including tail) of 12.5-17.5 cm (5-7 in).

Map. Colored counties reflect subspecies. Map is based on museum voucher specimens; last updated 12 November 2014.

Plethodon albagula

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Plethodon albagula

Common Name. Western Slimy Salamander

General information. Plethodon albagula is particulary active during the cooler months of the year, coincident with recent rainfall. Slimy salamanders may be active during other times of the year, but their activity is underground during drier times of the year. When active, this species can be collected under rocks, logs, or within leaf litter where this salamander hunts for a variety of invertebrate prey (ants, beetles, and sowbugs).

Protected status. The Western Slimy Salamander is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Large, protruding eyes Costal grooves 15-17 Tail length roughly 50% total body length

Coloration. Dorsal ground color black White or brassy flecks found across dorsal and lateral surfaces. White throat Ventral surface may be gray and speckled with pigment, but considerably lighter than dorsal surface.

General distribution. In North America, Plethodon albagula is restricted to isolated populations in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Missouri.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Plethodon albagula is found in three isolated populations across the wetter eastern half of the state, with the largest of these populations centered on the eastern half of the Edwards Plateau.

Habitat. Plethodon albagula in Texas are found in wooded ravines and canyons in limestone-fissured habitats.

Reproduction. Females lay a cluster of eggs, generally suspending them from the roof of a natural underground cavity or crevice. Brooding occurs in this species. Egg laying may be in late summer or early fall.

Size. Plethodon albagula can grow to total lengths, including tail, of 12-17 cm (4.5-6.5 in).

Plethodon serratus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Plethodon serratus

Common Name. Southern Red-backed Salamander

General information. This salamander species is mostly inactive during the summer months, but becomes terrestrial and active during the winter months. During these cooler months, Plethodon serratus can be found active directly under rocks and logs or in leaf litter where it searches for ants, beetles and other invertebrate prey.

Protected status. The Southern Red-backed Salamander is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Between 18-21 costal grooves Tail comprises 50% of total length Four toes on front feet, five on hind feet

Coloration. Orange or reddish middorsal stripe runs from head to end of tail Middorsal stripe is serrated in western populations, straight-edged in eastern populations Dorsal ground color dark brown or black Ventral surface mottled black and white (sometimes red) Also unstriped individuals in some locations (leadback variation).

General distribution. In North America, Plethodon serratus is found in four isolated populations across the southeastern U.S., from Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, and Illinois to portions of Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina and Alabama.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Plethodon serratus is only known from a specimen collected in Nacogdoches County in 1940; subsequent attempts to find this species have failed to produce any additional specimens.

Habitat. In its range outside of Texas, Plethodon serratus is found in both wet and dry hardwood forests that contain rocks or logs used as refuges by the salamander.

Reproduction. Females lay their eggs in underground burrows in June and July and remain with their eggs to defend them from predators. Eggs hatch in late summer

Size. Plethodon serratus can grow to 6.5-10.5 cm (2.5-4 in) in total length, including tail.

Pseudacris clarkii

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Pseudacris clarkii

Common Name. Spotted Chorus Frog

General information. Pseudacris clarkii is nocturnal feeding on small insects. This species is inactive during dry weather.

Protected status. The Spotted Chorus Frog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Small, slender frog with small, round toe pads.

Coloration. Pale gray or olive ground color, with scattered bright green spots. Tan or brown dorsal color Spots are outlined in black, and may fuse to form longitudinal stripes Green triangle on head between eyes which points posteriorly White ventral surface.

General distribution. In North America, Pseudacris clarkii is found from Nebraska to the southern tip of Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Pseudacris clarkii is found in a wide band from north to south Texas, excluding only far east and far west Texas.

Habitat. Pseudacris clarkii inhabits moist habitats around grasslands and prairies.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs all year in Pseudacris clarkii, but only coincides with rain, and peaks in April or May.

Size. Pseudacris clarkii is a small chorus frog, reaching an adult length at 2-3 cm (0.75-1.25 in).

Calls.

Pseudacris crucifer

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Pseudacris crucifer

Common Name. Spring Peeper

General information. Pseudacris crucifer is nocturnal and is rarely seen except during breeding season; P. crucifer hibernates in very cold weather.

Protected status. The Spring Peeper is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Small, slender body with large toe pads and unwebbed toes.

Coloration. Dorsal color varies from yellow, brown, olive, to gray Dark cross on dorsal surface in shape of an ‘X’ Plain ventral surface Females are generally lighter in coloration.

General distribution. In North America, Pseudacris crucifer is found from the southern parts of eastern Canada, south to the Gulf of Mexico.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Pseudacris crucifer found in Texas, P. c. crucifer, is restricted to the eastern quarter of the state.

Habitat. Pseudacris crucifer prefers woodland areas and areas of brushy growth near small temporary ponds.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs from November to February, depending on the temperature. Single eggs are laid among underwater vegetation.

Size. Pseudacris crucifer reaches an adult length between 3-5 cm (1.25-2 in).

Calls.

Pseudacris fouquettei

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Pseudacris fouquettei

Common Name. Cajun Chorus Frog

General information. Pseudacris fouquettei is nocturnal and will retreat to water or find cover when approached. Pseudacris fouquettei is insectivorous.

Protected status. The Cajun Chorus Frog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Slightly webbed toes with round disks on tips. One toe on each foot much longer than others

Coloration. Brown or gray with highly variable markings across the dorsal surface Three longitudinal stripes, which may be broken into spots, if at all present. White line along upper lip. Dark stripes through eyes. Dark triangle on head between eyes. Ventral surfaces light colored with dark lines on breast.

General distribution. In North America, Pseudacris fouquettei is found from western Mississippi, through Louisiana into east Texas. Widely distributed across Arkansas, portions of eastern Oklahoma and the bootheel of Missouri.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Pseudacris fouquettei can be found from the Piney Woods in east Texas, through the eastern Post Oak Savannah to the edges of the prairies in Central Texas

Habitat. Pseudacris fouquettei can often be found in or near moist wet areas, such as swamps, bogs, and ponds.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs from November to May.

Size. Pseudacris fouquettei reaches an adult length between 2-4 cm (0.75-1.5 in).

Calls.

Pseudacris streckeri

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Pseudacris streckeri

Common Name. Strecker’s Chorus Frog

General information. Pseudacris streckeri is nocturnal, feeding on insects. Pseudacris streckeri can burrow into the soil with its front limbs to shelter itself from heat and predation.

Protected status. Strecker’s Chorus Frog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Large, stout frog with its toes slightly webbed with disks at tips

Coloration. Varies from gray, brown, olive, to green ground color Dark stripe through eye as well as a dark spot under the eye Dark spots run longitudinally along back. Deep yellow or orange coloration in groin.

General distribution. In North America, Pseudacris streckeri is found in a broad band through central and eastern Oklahoma and Texas.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Pseudacris streckeri in Texas, P. s. streckeri, is found in the eastern half of the state.

Habitat. Pseudacris streckeri is seen in moist woodland areas, rocky ravines, near streams, in swamps, or in cultivated fields.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs from November to April or May in Pseudacris streckeri. Eggs are laid in water and attached to vegetation.

Size. Pseudacris streckeri reaches an adult length between 2.5-4 cm (1-1.5 in).

Calls.

Map. Map is based on museum voucher specimens; last updated 12 November 2014.

Pseudemys concinna

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Pseudemys concinna

Common Name. River Cooter

General information. The River Cooter is a diurnal turtle, basking during the day whenever it is not feeding on aquatic vegetation. Cooters are also well known as scavengers, feeding on opportunistically found carrion. Primarily herbivorous, some cooters also feed on insects and mollusks. This is a shy species of turtle, leaving the water rarely (only to bask and nest).

Protected status. The River Cooter is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Narrow, flattened carapace slightly serrated posteriorly; shell often indented at the bridge Unhinged plastron. Shallow medial notch on upper jaw not bordered by tooth-like cusps. Webbed feet. Males with longer fingernails on forelimbs than females.

Coloration. Carapace olive; older turtles can be melanistic, obscuring any pattern on the carapace Backward facing, light-colored “C” found along dorsal rear margin of 2nd costal scute may be present; many light-colored concentric whorls in 2nd costal scute. Many dark markings on marginals Plastron orange or yellow with pigment along seams, with “X” pattern often present anteriorly. Skin olive or brown with wide yellow stripes on underside of neck Central chin stripe extends and forks posteriorly (to Y-shape).

General distribution. In North America, Pseudemys concinna is found cross much of the southeastern United States, from Texas, Oklahoma and Nebraska eastward to the Carolinas and the Atlantic Coast.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Pseudemys concinna found in Texas, P. c. metteri is present across the northeastern corner of the state as well as isolated populations in the Panhandle.

Habitat. The River Cooter is at home in rocky-bottomed rivers and streams, but can also be found in slow moving oxbows as well as swamps and lakes. Occasionally, this species is found in brackish water near the coast.

Reproduction. Mating occurs in the spring with nesting taking place between May and July. An average of 19-20 eggs are laid in each nest; some females lay two clutches per year. Incubation is between 80-100 days (longer with cooler soil temperatures).

Size. Adult Pseudemys concinna range from 23-33 cm (9-13 in) in total length. Large females can reach lengths over 43 cm (17 in).

Pseudemys gorzugi

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Pseudemys gorzugi

Common Name. Rio Grande Cooter

General information. Not much is known about the diet of this species, but preliminary results indicate that it may be primarily a vegetarian.

Protected status. The Rio Grande Cooter is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Carapace is oval and elongated, flattened, with a slight keel (highest in middle); posterior edge of carapace serrated Unhinged plastron. Lacking medial notch on upper jaw and tooth-like cusps. Webbed feet. Males with longer fingernails on forelimbs than females.

Coloration. Carapace olive with blotches of alternating yellow and black. 2nd costal scute with four distinct blotches (bulls-eyes)with concentric black and yellow rings. Plastron yellow with pigment along seams, fading with age; plastron pigment present along anterior seams in adults. Skin brown or olive; yellow stripes present on neck, legs, and tail. Oval postorbital blotch (yellow) with temporal stripe curving dorsally over blotch. Wide yellow stripe down middle of head and neck. Central chin stripe extends and forks posteriorly (to Y-shape).

General distribution. In North America, Pseudemys gorzugi is found along the Rio Grande and Pecos River drainages in Texas and southern New Mexico. Isolated populations have been found in several northern states in Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas).

Texas distribution. In Texas, Pseudemys gorzugi is present along the Rio Grande drainage, from Val Verde County (Del Rio) to Cameron (Brownsville), as well as upper reaches of the Pecos River drainage in Culberson, Reeves, and Loving counties and the Devils River in northern Val Verde County.

Habitat. The Rio Grande Cooter is found in clear pools in New Mexico, but can be found in clear to muddy streams in Texas.

Reproduction. Little is known about reproduction in this species; reproduction may be similar to the other two Pseudemys found in the state.

Size. Pseudemys gorzugi reach carapace lengths of 24 cm (9.5 in) as adults (females larger than males)

Pseudemys nelsoni

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Pseudemys nelsoni

Common Name. Florida Red-bellied Cooter

General information. This turtle species is often seen basking. As adults, Florida Red-bellied Cooters are herbivorus but as juveniles and hatchlings, they eat aquatic invertebrates and vegetation.

Protected status. The Florida Red-bellied Cooter is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Carapace is high-domed. Unhinged plastron. Upper jaw is notched with broad cusps on either side of notch. Males with longer fingernails on forelimbs than females.

Coloration. Carapace brown with reddish vertical line on each costal. Plastron is yellow or red, with highlights of orange or red; plastron unpigmented. Skin is black; neck marked with thin yellow stripes.

General distribution. In North America, Pseudemys nelsoni is native to Florida and southeastern Georgia.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Pseudemys nelsoni is an introduced species found in several isolated populations around the state.

Habitat. The Florida Red-bellied Turtle prefers marshes, lakes, and ponds with aquatic vegetation.

Reproduction. Mating takes place between October and March, nesting occurs June through August. Clutch sizes range from 6–31 eggs

Size. Adult Pseudemys nelsoni reach carapace lengths of between 20–37 cm (8–14.5 in).

Pseudemys texana

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Pseudemys texana

Common Name. Texas Cooter

General information. This turtle species is strictly diurnal, spending much of the daylight hours basking on logs and rocks. Food items include a wide variety of invertebrates, including crayfish, snails, and both terrestrial and aquatic insects.

Protected status. The Texas Cooter is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Carapace is oval, flattened, with serrated posterior edge Unhinged plastron. Medial notch on upper jaw with adjacent tooth-like cusps. Webbed feet. Males with longer fingernails on forelimbs than females

Coloration. Carapace olive with blotches of alternating yellow and black. 2nd costal scute with five or six distinct concentric whorls with dark centers. Plastron yellow with pigment along seams, fading with age; plastron pigment present along anterior seams in adults. Skin black with white or yellow stripes present on neck, legs, and tail. Head markings variable, combination of yellow stripes broken into smaller spots and dashes. Postorbital stripe and vertical bar behind jaw articulation often present; lateral head stripes curve above vertical bar. Older individuals (especially males and large females) with mottled shells, limbs, and head and obscured patterns.

General distribution. In North America, Pseudemys texana is found exclusively in Texas, from central Texas to the Gulf Coast.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the endemic Pseudemys texana is found in the Colorado, Brazos, Guadalupe, and San Antonio River drainages.

Habitat. The Texas Cooter is found in streams as well as lakes and other man-made impoundments.

Reproduction. Nesting in May and June. Females lay clutches of 4-19 eggs.

Size. Adult Pseudemys texana reach carapace lengths between 18-25 cm (7-10 in).

Rana areolata

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Rana areolata

Common Name. Crawfish Frog

General information. Rana areolata is nocturnal and rarely seen outside of burrows except during breeding season. Rana areolata feeds primarily on crawfish, but eats insects and other frogs.

Protected status. The Crawfish Frog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Stocky frog with rough skin and extensively webbed toes

Coloration. Color varies from brown to black with temperature and activity Dark dorsal spots outlined in lighter color. Ventral surfaces plain and white, except throat spotted on sides. Males may have yellow coloration on dorsolateral folds and on concealed surfaces of limbs.

General distribution. In North America, Rana areolata is found in eastern Oklahoma and Texas, as well as in western Louisiana.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Rana areolata found in Texas, R. a. areolata, is found in scattered populations across the eastern third of the state.

Habitat. Rana areolata can be found in abandoned crawfish holes, small mammal burrows, and storm sewers.

Reproduction. Breeding in Rana areolata takes place all year with a peak from February to June; egg masses are laid in shallow water.

Size. Rana areolata grows to an adult size of 7-9.5 cm (2.2-3 in).

Calls.

Map. Map is based on museum voucher specimens; last updated 12 November 2014.

Rana berlandieri

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Rana berlandieri

Common Name. Rio Grande Leopard Frog

General information. Rana berlandieri is nocturnal and burrows to avoid the heat of the sun. Rana berlandieri can feed on a variety of insects and anything smaller than itself.

Protected status. The Rio Grande Leopard Frog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Smooth, angular frog Dorsolateral folds broken and inset medially at the hip. Male vocal sac, when not inflated, collapses into a pouch which looks like a black slit.

Coloration. Dorsal color pale brown or green Several rows of irregularly placed dark spots between light dorsolateral folds, with dark spots outlined by lighter color. Pale light line along upper jaw.

General distribution. In North America, Rana berlandieri is found in Texas and northeast Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Rana berlandieri can be found in moist environments throughout central, west and south Texas.

Habitat. Rana berlandieri is found in arid regions, often near brooks, creeks, or streams; R. berlandieri may also be near cattle irrigation tanks.

Reproduction. Breeding in Rana berlandieri can take place year-round with ample rainfall. Egg masses are laid in water and attached to vegetation.

Size. Rana berlandieri can reach a size of 7-10 cm (2.2-4 in) as an adult.

Calls.

Rana blairi

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Rana blairi

Common Name. Plains Leopard Frog

General information. Rana blairi is nocturnal and feeds on variety of insects and almost anything smaller than itself.

Protected status. The Plains Leopard Frog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Dorsolateral folds broken and inset medially at the hip. Extensively webbed toes Male vocal sac with longitudinal folds.

Coloration. Dorsal color usually brown Several rows of irregularly placed dark spots between light dorsolateral folds, with dark spots outlined by lighter color Distinct light line along upper jaw and dark snout spot Light spot on tympanum. Yellow coloration in groin and ventral surface of thighs.

General distribution. In North America, Rana blairi is found in an arching band from western Illinois to north Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Rana blairi is present in the Panhandle and the north-central portions of the state.

Habitat. Rana blairi is found in arid environments and can be seen in plains and prairies, along streams, and on the edges of ponds.

Reproduction. Breeding in Rana blairi can occur year-round if warm rains are present.

Size. Rana blairi reaches an adult length of 5-7 cm (2-3.2 in).

Calls.

Rana catesbeiana

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Rana catesbeiana

Common Name. Bullfrog

General information. Rana catesbeiana is active in the evening and at night. Rana catesbeiana is a solitary and territorial species and is able to leap great distances. The bullfrog feeds on anything that moves and can be swallowed, including insects, crawfish, small fish, frogs, birds and snakes.

Protected status. The Bullfrog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Prominent tympanum (larger in males than females). Dorsolateral folds end near tympanum. Fully webbed hind feet, except fourth toe.

Coloration. Plain green or with gray net-like pattern on green ground color. Ventral surfaces white and mottled with gray or yellow. Long hind legs may be blotched or banded. Belly of males may be more strongly mottled.

General distribution. In North America, Rana catesbeiana is found in the eastern two-thirds of the United States, barely extending into Canada and Mexico; R. catesbeiana also is introduced in some western states.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Rana catesbeiana is found throughout the state, except in mountainous areas.

Habitat. Rana catesbeiana prefers large bodies of water, ponds, lakes, and slow streams and is most often seen at the edge of the water in vegetation or debris.

Reproduction. Breeding in Rana catesbeiana takes place from February to October. Egg masses are laid in a film on surface of the water.

Size. The largest frog species found in the United States, Rana catesbeiana reach between 7-15 cm (3.5-6 in) as adults.

Calls.

Rana clamitans

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Rana clamitans

Common Name. Green Frog

General information. Rana clamitans is solitary and nocturnal, remains hidden most of the time.

Protected status. The Green Frog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Smooth skinned frog with prominent tympanum. Dorsolateral folds do NOT extend to groin Fully webbed feet, except fourth toe

Coloration. Plain brown or bronze dorsally White ventral surfaces with dark, irregular markings Green coloration may be present on upper lip. Adult male with yellowish coloration on throat.

General distribution. In the United States, Rana clamitans is found in the southern states, from North Carolina to Texas.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Rana clamitans found in Texas, R. c. clamitans, is found in the eastern third of the state.

Habitat. Rana clamitans shelters in logs and crevices, and lives in swamps and near streams.

Reproduction. Breeding in Rana clamitans occurs from March to August. Small egg masses are attached to underwater vegetation.

Size. Rana clamitans grows to 5-8 cm (2.2-3 in).

Calls.

Rana grylio

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Rana grylio

Common Name. Pig Frog

General information. Rana grylio is nocturnal and usually difficult to approach. The pig frog is territorial and feeds primarily on crawfish, but eats minnows, snakes, and smaller frogs.

Protected status. The Pig Frog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Hind feet are fully webbed (not so in R. catesbeiana) dorsolateral folds absent Narrow and pointed head Prominent tympanum

Coloration. Dorsal surface varies from olive to dark brown with prominent dark dorsal spots Ventral surfaces white or pale yellow with gray mottling on thighs.

General distribution. In North America, Rana grylio is found in the southern U. S., from South Carolina to east Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Rana grylio is restricted to the southeastern corner of the state.

Habitat. Rana grylio is seen in large bodies of water, such as lakes and marshes amid floating vegetation.

Reproduction. Breeding in Rana grylio takes place from March to September.

Size. Rana grylio is a large frog species, reaching 8-13 cm (3.2-5.5 in).

Calls.

Rana palustris

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Rana palustris

Common Name. Pickerel Frog

General information. Rana palustris is nocturnal and hibernates from October to March. In some cases it will secrete a toxin from its skin if disturbed.

Protected status. The Pickerel Frog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Smooth skin with poison-secreting glands

Coloration. Typically light brown dorsal surface Light line along upper jaw. Square, dark dorsal spots outlined in white and arranged in parallel lines. Banded dorsal surface of hind legs with yellow or orange coloration on concealed surfaces of rear limbs. Ventral surfaces white with dark mottling.

General distribution. In North America, Rana palustris is found from the Canadian maritime provinces south to the Carolinas, and westward from Minnesota to Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Rana palustris can be found in the eastern third of the state.

Habitat. Rana palustris prefers clear, cool water environments and is found in ravines, streams, and the warm waters of coastal plain swamps.

Reproduction. Breeding in Rana palustris occurs after emerging from hibernation in March and continues to May. Egg masses are attached to underwater vegetation.

Size. Rana palustris grows to 4-7.5 cm (1.8-3 in) as an adult.

Calls.

Rana sphenocephala

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Rana sphenocephala

Common Name. Southern Leopard Frog

General information. Nocturnal, Rana sphenocephala hides during the day in vegetation at the edge of the water. Rana sphenocephala avoids predators by entering the water and swimming away underwater where it is well camouflaged in vegetated areas.

Protected status. The Southern Leopard Frog is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Smooth skin and long, pointed head

Coloration. Dorsal surface is brown or green, or combination of the two Dark, round spots on dorsum between light dorsolateral ridges and on sides of body, with the spots outlined by lighter color. Distinct light spot on tympanum. Light line on upper jaw.

General distribution. In North America, Rana sphenocephala is found in the southeastern United States, from as far north as New Jersey south and east to Texas, Oklahoma, and Nebraska.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Rana sphenocephala is found in the eastern third of the state.

Habitat. Rana sphenocephala prefers shallow, freshwater habitats, although it can sometimes be seen in brackish waters along the coasts.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs year-round in Rana sphenocephala with eggs laid in shallow water.

Size. Rana sphenocephala reaches an adult size of 5-7 cm (2.3.5 in).

Calls.

Map. Map is based on museum voucher specimens.

Regina grahamii

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Regina grahamii

Common Name. Graham’s Crayfish Snake

General information. Recorded food items for the non-venomous Regina grahamii are mainly crayfish, though salamanders, tadpoles and adult frogs, and snails have been found in the stomachs of this snake species. Mainly nocturnal during the summer, R. grahamii can be sometimes be found basking in the early morning hours, particularly in the spring and the fall. This species can also be found hiding in crayfish burrows along stream banks.

Protected status. The Graham’s Crayfish Snake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Keeled dorsal scales, in rows of 19 at midbody Divided anal plate

Coloration. Dorsal surface is olive, with the exception of a light colored lateral stripe found along the first three dorsal scale rows. A broken line of black pigment is found along the border of the first dorsal scale row and the ventral scales. Ventral surface is usually yellowish with a row of dark spots found medially, although individuals may be found with immaculate bellies.

General distribution. Regina grahamii is found throughout portions of the Midwest and the South, from Iowa and Illinois south to Louisiana and Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Regina grahamii is found through much of the eastern third of the state, from the eastern border with Louisiana west to the aquifers of the Balcones Fault, with the distribution additionally extending into parts of the Panhandle and North Texas.

Habitat. Not a commonly found snake, Graham’s Crayfish Snake is a semi-aquatic snake found near the edge of ponds and streams of eastern Texas, as well as in various flooded pastures and bottomlands.

Reproduction. Regina grahamii is viviparous or live-bearing, breeding at night in April and May, and giving birth to 6-25 young in August or September. Young measure 17.5-27 cm (7-10.5 in) at birth.

Size. Typically small snakes, adult Regina grahamii measure 46-71 cm (18-28 in), but occassionally reach lengths of 119 cm(47 in).

Rena dissecta

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Rena dissecta

Common Name. New Mexico Threadsnake

General information. Nocturnal, the New Mexico Threadsnake is infrequently found above ground. This species burrows underground in search of its prey. Threadsnakes feed on a variety of invertebrates, ranging from termites and ants (both adults and larvae) to spiders and millipedes.

Protected status. The New Mexico Threadsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Vestigial eyes present as two dark spots on either side of head Stubby, short tail. Three scales on top of head between ocular scales. Two upper labial scales between eye scale and lower nasal scale. 14 rows of smooth scales around body; all scales (belly and dorsal) similar size.

Coloration. Gray to pink below and light brown, reddish-brown, or dull pink above.

General distribution. In the United States, Rena dissecta is found in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Rena dissecta is present in two disjunct populations: the northern Panhandle and far west Texas.

Habitat. The New Mexico Threadsnake is found in dry desert or grassland areas with loose soil.

Reproduction. Females lay eggs (2-7) in June and July. Hatchlings are born about two months later and measure 6-7.5 cm (2.5-3 in) in length.

Size. Adult Rena dissecta average 12.5-20 cm (5-8 in); record size is 25.5 cm (10 in).

Rena dulcis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Rena dulcis

Common Name. Texas Threadsnake

General information. Nocturnal, the Texas Threadsnake is infrequently found above ground. Soaking rains often force snakes above ground to escape flooded burrows. This species burrows underground in search of its prey. Threadsnakes feed on a variety of invertebrates, ranging from termites and ants (both adults and larvae) to spiders and millipedes.

Protected status. The Texas Threadsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Vestigial eyes present as two dark spots on either side of head Stubby, short tail. Three scales on top of head between ocular scales. Single upper labial scale between eye scale and lower nasal scale. 14 rows of smooth scales around body; all scales (belly and dorsal) similar size.

Coloration. Gray to pink below and light brown, reddish-brown, or dull pink above.

General distribution. In the United States, Rena dulcis is found from Oklahoma to northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the single subspecies of Rena dulcis found in the state, R. d. dulcis, is present in the middle third of the state from the Red River to the Mexico border.

Habitat. The Texas Threadsnake is found in arid regions in places where moisture tends to collect and soil is loose or sandy.

Reproduction. Females lay eggs (2-7) in June and July. Hatchlings are born about two months later and measure 6-7.5 cm (2.5-3 in) in length.

Size. Adult Rena dulcis average 12.5-20 cm (5-8 in); record size is 27 cm (10.5 in).

Rena humilis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Rena humilis

Common Name. Western Threadsnake

General information. Nocturnal, the Western Threadsnake is infrequently found above ground. This species prefers burrow underground in search of its prey. Threadsnakes feed on a variety of invertebrates, ranging from termites and ants (both adults and larvae) to spiders and millipedes.

Protected status. The Western Threadsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Vestigial eyes present as two dark spots on either side of head Spine at tail tip. Only single scale on top of head between ocular scales. 14 rows of smooth scales around body; all scales (belly and dorsal) similar size.

Coloration. Dull to shiny pink below 5th to 7th dorsal scale row; brown to purplish above 5th/7th scale row links to photos

General distribution. In the United States, Rena humilis is found in the deserts from California and Utah to Texas in the United States, and is widespread across Baja California and the western half of mainland Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the only subspecies of Rena humilis found in the state, L. h. segregus, is present in west Texas along the Rio Grande from El Paso County to Val Verde and Kinney Counties.

Habitat. The Western Threadsnake is found in deserts and desert-grasslands, often seeking refuge under rocks and logs where moisture is retained.

Reproduction. Females lay clutches of eggs (2-6) in the late summer. Incubation is 45-60 days and hatchlings measure 7.5-9 cm (3-3.5 in) in length.

Size. Adult Rena humilis average 18-25.5 cm (7-10 in); record size is 36 cm (13 in).

Rhinocheilus lecontei

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Rhinocheilus lecontei

Common Name. Long-nosed Snake

General information. Rhinocheilus lecontei is a non-venomous species, feeding primarily on lizards and small rodents, but it has been known to occasionally eat other snakes. Often vibrating its tail when disturbed, the long-nosed snake also has another effective defense against predators. When threatened, the long-nosed snake will frequently void the contents of its cloaca along with a surprising amount of blood. A surprised human will often find his/her arm covered in blood and feces when first picking up a long-nosed snake in the wild. Long-nosed snakes rarely bite, more often hiding its head among its coils when molested.

Protected status. The Long-nosed Snake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Smooth dorsal scales, in 23 rows at midbody Undivided anal scale Single row of caudal scales

Coloration. A series of black saddles found down the middle of its back on a background consisting of both yellow and red. Also, black speckling is seen in between the dark blotches with different amounts present in different populations. The amount of black pigmentation found on the belly can vary, with populations in south Texas often having only white belly scales, whereas individuals in west Texas having black pigment present on most ventral scales.

General distribution. Rhinocheilus lecontei is found in the western deserts of the U.S., as well as parts of New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas. The distribution of R. lecontei also extends into parts of northern Mexico

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Rhinocheilus lecontei found in Texas, R. l. tesselatus, is present in the western two-thirds of the state, much more common in the western deserts and scrublands of south Texas than in the juniper woodlands of central Texas and the plains of the Panhandle.

Habitat. The Long-nosed Snake is one of the most common snakes found in the deserts of Texas and often can be seen crossing roads during the warm nights of summer.

Reproduction. An egg layer, R. lecontei mates in the spring and females deposit their clutch, averaging 6, in the early summer. Young hatch out of their eggs in August and September, measuring 23 to 28 cm (9-11 in).

Size. Adult Rhinocheilus lecontei typically reach 56-81 cm (22-32 in) in length.

Rhinophrynus dorsalis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Rhinophrynus dorsalis

Common Name. Mexican Burrowing Toad

General information. Rhinophrynus dorsalis is nocturnal. The Mexican Burrowing Toad feeds on termites and ants, using its tubercles to dig into their mounds. When threatened or calling, Rhinophrynus dorsalis will inflate its body with air.

Protected status. The Mexican Burrowing Toad is considered a threatened species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state.

Diagnostic features. Round body with small head and widely spaced small eyes, with vertical pupils. Small limbs, with hind legs partially enclosed in skin of body, each with tubercle.

Coloration. Dark brown dorsal surface with red or dark orange middorsal stripe.

General distribution. In North America, Rhinophrynus dorsalis is found from the southern tip of Texas south to the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Rhinophrynus dorsalis is found only in extreme south Texas in Starr and Zapata counties.

Habitat. Rhinophrynus dorsalis prefers low areas with loose soil, such as that found in cultivated fields.

Reproduction. Breeding in Rhinophrynus dorsalis occurs only after heavy rains; reproduction may take place only once a year.

Size. Rhinophrynus dorsalis grows to an adult length of 5-7 cm (2-3 in).

Calls.

Salvadora deserticola

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Salvadora deserticola

Common Name. Big Bend Patch-nosed Snake

General information. Both Salvadora species are considered non-venomous with S. deserticola reported to feed on lizards, snakes, a variety of reptile eggs, small mammals, and insects. Much of this animal’s foraging times coincide with peak lizard activity time, translating to summer activity hours early in the morning as well as in the waning daylight hours of the evening. The longitudinal stripes running the length of the body may appear conspicuous at first glance, but the longitudinal pattern makes them difficult to catch as they make their way through the rocks and underbrush.

Protected status. The Big Bend Patch-nosed Snake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Dorsal scales are typically smooth, with scales near the vent of mature specimens occassionally being keeled Anal plate is divided.

Coloration. Yellow or tan colored dorsal background Two conspicuous dark lateral lines that run the length of the body. Presence of these stripes leave a tan colored stripe down the midline of the snake. Two additional dark lateral lines are found along the fourth scale row. Ventral scales are usually peach colored and free of dark pigment.

General distribution. The range of Salvadora deserticola in North America ranges from western Texas through southeastern Arizona in the north, with populations extending down into the northern states of Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Salvadora deserticola is restricted to the western extremes of Chihuahuan Desert habitat in the state.

Habitat. Salvadora deserticola is frequently seen in the early daylight hours throughout its distribution in the extreme western portions of the Trans-Pecos in desert habitats composed of sandy or loose soils, ranging from dry wash beds and rocky foothills. This patch-nosed snake species occasionally is found in the same habitat as its congener, S. grahamiae, though the latter snake is typically found at higher elevations.

Reproduction. Not much is known specifically about the reproductive natural history of this species, other than it is an egg layer. Information regarding similar species indicate that mating takes place in April and May, with egg laying occurring from May until August.

Size. Adult Salvadora deserticola reach lengths of 61-81 cm (24-32 in), with a record length recorded of 101.5 cm (40 in)

Salvadora grahamiae

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Salvadora grahamiae

Common Name. Eastern Patch-nosed Snake

General information. Eastern Patch-nosed Snakes typically forage during the early morning hours for lizards and small mammals, though they can be found hiding under boards, flat stones, and dead vegetation. These snakes also appear to have a long period of activity, from March to November, meaning their crepuscular activity switches to diurnal during the early spring and late fall. Salvadora generally do not bite when handled, though they will often musk their handler.

Protected status. The Eastern Patch-nosed Snake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Upturned rostral scale Smooth dorsal scales (in 17 rows at midbody) Divided anal plate

Coloration. Two dark dorsolateral lines run the length of the body, on top of a tannish background. These two dark lines outline a light colored (tan, orange, or yellow) middorsal stripe, which is colored differently than the tan sides of the body. The presence or absence of a secondary dark lateral line distinguishes between the two subspecies currently recognized in Texas Both subspecies with a peach or cream colored belly Light vertebral stripe is supposedly wider in S. g. grahamiae (3 scale rows wide vs. 2 scale rows wide in S. g. lineata), but there appears to be too much variability to make this character applicable.

General distribution. Salvadora grahamiae is found through much of south, central and west Texas, as well as the higher elevations of New Mexico and southern Arizona; the range of S. grahamiae extends into Mexico as well, being found well into Coahuila and Durango.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Salvadora grahamiae is found across much of the western half, as well as the southern portions, of the state.

Habitat. Salvadora grahamiae is generally found in the higher, more vegetated areas of central and west Texas, present from the juniper wooded Hill Country, into the Chihuahuan Desert of Big Bend and the Trans-Pecos, where it can be found sympatrically with S. deserticola. It is also found less commonly in the thornscrub areas of south Texas.

Reproduction. Reproduction takes place in the early spring, with clutches of eggs laid in May and June. Young hatch out in August, measuring 26 cm (10 in) in length and look much like their parents, though paler in color.

Size. Salvadora grahamiae grow to adult lengths of 46-86 cm (18-34 in).

Scaphiopus couchii

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Scaphiopus couchii

Common Name. Couch’s Spadefoot

General information. Scaphiopus couchii is nocturnal, but it is rarely seen without rain. It burrows deeply underground backwards using its hind feet.

Protected status. Couch’s Spadefoot is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Stout toad with NO boss between eyes (S. hurterii with boss) Vertical pupils. Skin covered with many small warts Hind limbs have single, sickle-shaped tubercle (a spade) on inner surface (tubercle is wedge-shaped in Spea).

Coloration. Dorsal coloration varies from bright green-yellow to brown-yellow with dorsal surface mottled with dark green, brown, or black markings White ventral surface.

General distribution. In North America, Scaphiopus couchii is found in the southwest United States extending into Mexico, including the Baja Peninsula.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Scaphiopus couchii is found throughout the western two-thirds of the state.

Habitat. Scaphiopus couchii prefers grassland prairies and mesquite savannas. It seeks shelter under fallen logs and is adapted to arid and semi-arid conditions.

Reproduction. Breeding in Scaphiopus couchii takes place from April to September following heavy rains. Eggs hatch within 36 hours and the tadpoles develop quickly, often metamorphosing into toadlets within two weeks.

Size. Scaphiopus couchii grows to an adult size of 6-11 cm (2.2-3.5 in).

Calls.

Scaphiopus hurterii

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Scaphiopus hurterii

Common Name. Hurter’s Spadefoot

General information. Scaphiopus hurterii is nocturnal, but is rarely seen without rain. It burrows deeply underground backwards using its hind feet.

Protected status. Hurter’s Spadefoot is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Stout toad with prominent boss between eyes (S. couchii without boss) Vertical pupils and skin covered with many small warts. Hind limbs have single, sickle-shaped tubercle, or spade on inner surface (wedge-shaped tubercle in Spea)

Coloration. Dorsal color varies from olive green to green-brown, or almost black. Two curved, light stripes present on dorsal surface Ventral surface white or pale gray.

General distribution. In North America, Scaphiopus hurterii is found in eastern Oklahoma and Texas, and western Arkansas and Louisiana.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Scaphiopus hurterii is found in the eastern half of the state.

Habitat. Scaphiopus hurterii is seen in wooded and savanna areas and is also found in the arid terrain of South Texas.

Reproduction. Breeding in Scaphiopus hurterii occurs from March to September following heavy rains. Eggs hatch within 48 hours and the tadpoles develop quickly, becoming small toadlets within two weeks.

Size. Scaphiopus hurterii can reach an adult length of 4-7 cm (1.7-2.5 in).

Calls.

Sceloporus arenicolus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Sceloporus arenicolus

Common Name. Dunes Sagebrush Lizard

General information. Sceloporus arenicolus, active during the day, will remain motionless and seek shelter under vegetation, or will cover itself in sand when threatened. The dorsal background color of this species makes it well camouflaged among the dunes. Sceloporus arenicolous principally feeds upon insects.

Protected status. The Dunes Sagebrush Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Small, granular scales on rear of thighs. Tail slightly longer than head-body length

Coloration. Dorsal ground color is light gray to light brown. Dorsal pattern consists of a faint line from the head to the tip of the tail. Small dark marking in front of each foreleg Male with blue patches on venter bordered by black; female may have pink tones on neck and sides.

General distribution. In North America, Sceloporus arenicolus is found exclusively in active sand dune areas of west Texas and New Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Sceloporus arenicolus is found in west Texas, restricted to Andrews, Crane, Gaines, Ward, and Winkler Counties.

Habitat. Sceloporus arenicolus lives among sand dunes dominated by shinnery oak (Quercus havardii).

Reproduction. Eggs are laid in early summer.

Size. Sceloporus arenicolus can grow to adult total lengths of 11-15 cm (4.5-6 in).

Sceloporus bimaculosus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Sceloporus bimaculosus

Common Name. Twin-spotted Spiny Lizard

General information. Sceloporus bimaculosus is a wary, diurnal lizard that will quickly retreat will retreat to burrows, vegetation, rock piles or other debris when threatened. Mainly a terrestrial species, Sceloporus magister forages for insects, other lizards, and tender vegetation.

Protected status. The Twin-spotted Spiny Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Large lizard with large pointed scales Tail longer than head-body length

Coloration. Dorsal ground color is light brown or yellow or gray Dorsal pattern consists of pale crossbars, two black wedges on the shoulders, and some yellow scales on sides. Dark line near eye. Males have blue-green patches on throat and two on belly, black groin. Mature males may have blue patch on dorsum; females lack blue tones.

General distribution. In North America, Sceloporus bimaculosus is found from eastern California and Nevada to west Texas and into northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. Sceloporus bimaculosusis found in through western portions of the Trans-Pecos Desert in west Texas.

Habitat. Sceloporus bimaculosus prefers arid or semi-arid environments and rocky terrains and grassy plains below 4,000 foot elevations.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs in the spring and early summer with young hatching from eggs in mid to late summer. Females may lay multiple clutches of up to 19 eggs perhaps as many as three times a year.

Size. Sceloporus bimsaculosus is a large lizard species, measuring 17.5-32.5 cm (7-13 in) in total length.

Sceloporus consobrinus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Sceloporus consobrinus

Common Name. Prairie Lizard

General information. Sceloporus cowlesi is a diurnal insectivorus predator. Primarily terrestrial, found in open prairies as well as rocky slopes

Protected status. The Prairie Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Long tail, up to 1 1/2 times the head-body length There are no diagnostic characters to distinguish this species from Sceloporus cowlesi

Coloration. They typically have light (sometimes bold) longitudinal stripes running the length of their body, with a middorsal brown stripe, a bold dorsolateral stripes, and light lateral stripes. Can also have dark bars or spots across the lighter longitudinal stripes.

General distribution. In North America, Sceloporus consobrinus is found across much of the Great Plains, from Texas to Nebraska, eastern New Mexico and Colorado to Mississippi and Illinois.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the Prairie Lizard is found east of the Pecos River, throughout the Panhandle and North Texas, and much of east Texas north of Harris County.

Habitat. Habitats include sandy areas, open prairied, rocky slopes

Reproduction. Sceloporus cowlesi breeds in spring and summer. More mature females may lay 1–3 egg clutches per year, averaging 5–6 eggs per clutch.

Size. Sceloporus consobrinus reach body lengths up to 7.5 cm (3 in) and total lengths, including tail, of 9–17.5 cm (3.5–7 in).

Sceloporus cowlesi

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Sceloporus cowlesi

Common Name. Southwestern Fence Lizard

General information. Sceloporus consobrinus is a diurnal lizard species that feeds on a variety of insects. It is terrestrial in open areas, utilizing mammal burrows for cover, but can be arboreal in wooded areas of its range.

Protected status. The Southwestern Fence Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Long tail, up to 1 1/2 times the head-body length There are no diagnostic characters to distinguish this species from Sceloporus consobrinus

General distribution. In North America, Sceloporus cowlesi is found in the southwestern US states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora.

Texas distribution. NA

Habitat. Habitats include sandy areas, open prairied, rocky slopes

Reproduction. Sceloporus consobrinus breeds in spring and summer. More mature females may lay 1–3 egg clutches per year, averaging 5–6 eggs per clutch.

Size. Sceloporus cowlesi reach body lengths up to 7.5 cm (3 in) and total lengths, including tail, of 9–17.5 cm (3.5–7 in).

Sceloporus cyanogenys

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Sceloporus cyanogenys

Common Name. Blue Spiny Lizard

General information. This diurnal lizard shelters in rock crevices. Sceloporus cyanogenys feeds primarily on flying insects, but eats other insects, as well.

Protected status. The Blue Spiny Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Largest of spiny lizards Long tail

Coloration. Dorsal ground color is gray or brown Dorsal pattern varies with sex, but both sexes have a dark band across the neck bordered on both sides by a lighter pigment. Tail is vaguely banded with dusky color. Head and limbs are dark brown. Males with metallic green or blue on back and tail with white flecks; male also with blue chin and throat, and blue belly patches Females and young lack blue-green coloration and belly patches.

General distribution. In North America, Sceloporus cyanogenys is found from south Texas to northeastern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Sceloporus cyanogenys is found in south Texas, primarily along the Rio Grande Valley from Kinney County to Cameron County.

Habitat. Sceloporus cyanogenys prefers rocky terrains in arid and semi-arid environments where it is commonly seen on boulders, rock piles, cliffs, bridges, and in dry creekbeds.

Reproduction. This live-bearing lizard gives birth to young from February to June with as many as 18 young per litter.

Size. The largest species of spiny lizard in Texas, Sceloporus cyanogenys grows to lengths (total length including tail) of 12.5-35 cm (5-14 in).

Sceloporus grammicus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Sceloporus grammicus

Common Name. Graphic Spiny Lizard

General information. A diurnal lizard, Sceloporus grammicus is very wary and will retreat up the tree when threatened. This species is arboreal and well camouflaged among the branches, often hiding on the side of the branch opposite their predator.

Protected status. The Graphic Spiny Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Flat lizard with scales on sides of neck much smaller than those on nape of neck. Tail slightly longer than head-body length.

Coloration. Dorsal ground color is mottled olive or gray. Dorsal pattern consists of 3-6 dark crossbars in uneven, or wavy pattern. Narrow crossbars on forelegs and tail Males have blue patches and black mottling on throat, a dark line on each shoulder, and blue patches on sides of belly, which may be bordered in black Dorsal pattern may be more obvious on females.

General distribution. In North America, Sceloporus grammicus is found in southern Texas and northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Sceloporus grammicus found in Texas, S. g. microlepidotus, is found in extreme south Texas and near Corpus Christi.

Habitat. Sceloporus grammicus lives on and among mesquite trees in arid and semi-arid environments.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs in the fall and young are born live in the early to mid-spring. Litter sizes range from 3 to 12.

Size. Sceloporus grammicus can grow to adult lengths of 10-17.5 cm (4-7 in), including tail.

Sceloporus merriami

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Sceloporus merriami

Common Name. Canyon Spiny Lizard

General information. This diurnal lizard species is relatively brazen, reemerging quickly from shelter after being spooked or threatened. Sceloporus merriami feeds on small insects.

Protected status. The Canyon Spiny Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Small dorsal scales with scales on sides granular. Partial fold on neck Long tail and a distinct dewlap (larger in males)

Coloration. Four rows of dark spots run along the dorsal surface Three subspecies found in Texas differentiated by variation in intensity and shape of dorsal spots Dorsal color variable between populations (colors from tan to reddish brown to gray) to match surrounding environment Vertical black bar on shoulder in front of leg Males generally more vividly colored than females.

General distribution. In North America, Sceloporus merriami is found in the southern portions of west Texas and adjacent Mexico, as well as in a disjunct population in northeastern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the three subspecies of Sceloporus merriami are seen in the southern part of west Texas as well as the western edge of the Edwards Plateau.

Habitat. Sceloporus merriami prefers rocky areas, such as on canyon walls or boulders, with little or no vegetation.

Reproduction. Eggs are laid in the spring and early summer.

Size. Sceloporus merriami can reach total lengths, including tail, of 11-15 cm (4.5-6 in).

Sceloporus olivaceus

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Sceloporus olivaceus

Common Name. Texas Spiny Lizard

General information. This diurnal lizard will retreat up a tree when threatened. Sceloporus olivaceus is adept at climbing and is well camouflaged on tree trunks and limbs. This lizard species primarily eats insects, though some small vertebrates may be consumed

Protected status. The Texas Spiny Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Large lizard with long toes Long tail Large, spiny dorsal scales.

Coloration. Dorsal ground color is reddish brown. Dorsal pattern varies widely. Males have blue patch on each side of belly and light dorsolateral stripes; adult females have wavy dark lines on dorsum and perhaps on legs near body.

General distribution. In North America, Sceloporus olivaceus is found from the Red River (Oklahoma/Texas state line) south into northern and eastern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Sceloporus olivaceus is found in north, central, and south Texas.

Habitat. Sceloporus olivaceus is arboreal and prefers mesquite trees, but may be observed on other tree species (such as oak, pecan, and cedar) as well as along fences, walls, and poles.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs in early spring. Egg clutches (averaging 14 eggs/clutch) are laid though the summer. Females may lay eggs as many as four times a year.

Size. Adult Sceloporus olivaceus reach total lengths, including tail, of 19-27.5 cm (7.5-11 in).

Sceloporus poinsettii

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Sceloporus poinsettii

Common Name. Crevice Spiny Lizard

General information. Sceloporus poinsettii is a diurnal species of lizard. Active and quick, Sceloporus poinsettii will retreat to a crevice when threatened. This species feeds on insects and tender vegetation.

Protected status. The Crevice Spiny Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Large lizard with large, spiny dorsal scales Long tail

Coloration. Dorsal ground color is green-gray to reddish Dorsal pattern varies with sex, but both sexes have a dark band across the neck bordered on both sides by a lighter pigment. Females and young have dark crossbands on entire dorsum and perhaps a thin dark middorsal stripe. Males lose dorsal crossbands and develop blue patches on throat and each side of belly Distinctly banded (black and white) tail.

General distribution. In North America, Sceloporus poinsettii is found from the Edwards Plateau region of central Texas to Mew Mexico and into northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Sceloporus poinsettii found in Texas, S. p. poinsettii, is found across the Trans-Pecos and Edwards Plateau.

Habitat. Sceloporus poinsettii prefers rocky terrains in arid and semi-arid environments where it is commonly seen on boulders, in canyons, and in rocky outcrops.

Reproduction. This live-bearing lizard gives birth to young in June or July. As many as 11 young are born.

Size. Sceloporus poinsettii grows to adult total lengths of 12.5-29 cm (5-11.5 in), including tail.

Sceloporus variabilis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Sceloporus variabilis

Common Name. Rose-bellied Lizard

General information. This species of diurnal lizard is primarily terrestrial. Sceloporus variabilis forages for large insects among the leaf litter.

Protected status. The Rose-bellied Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Small pocket of skin on each side of the base of its long tail

Coloration. Dorsal ground color brown. Dorsal pattern consists of light dorsolateral lines from each eye onto tail and brown spots in a row on each side of a middorsal line. Dark crossbars on limbs Males with two pink belly patches partly rimmed in dark blue which extends onto sides of body to form dark spots in armpit and in groin. Males lighter in color; females are more green.

General distribution. In North America, Sceloporus variabilis is found from south Texas to northeastern Mexico.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Sceloporus variabilis found in Texas, S. v. marmoratus, is found in south and south-central Texas.

Habitat. Sceloporus variabilis prefers rocky terrains in arid and semi-arid environments and can commonly br seen on fence posts and among cactus clumps.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs throughout the year. Egg clutches (1 to 5 eggs per clutch) are laid near the base of a tree in loose soil.

Size. Sceloporus variabilis can grow to lengths of 9-13.75 cm (3.75-5.5 in), including tail.

Scincella lateralis

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Scincella lateralis

Common Name. Ground Skink

General information. This diurnal skink is wary and quickly retreats when approached. This species forages for insects in leaf litter and has snake-like movements.

Protected status. The Ground Skink is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Short limbs with a comparatively long tail, about 2.5 times the head-body length.

Coloration. Dorsal ground color varies from rusty or golden brown to brown. Dorsal pattern consists of a black dorsolateral line from the eye onto the tail. Ventral surface is light and unmarked.

General distribution. In North America, Scincella lateralis has a broad range from New Jersey to Kansas and through much of the southern U.S. to the Gulf of Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Scincella lateralis is found in the eastern half of the state and the western reaches of central Texas.

Habitat. Scincella lateralis is often observed in moist, humid, wooded environments among the leaf litter or other debris, but is also common in urban gardens.

Reproduction. Breeding takes place from January to August. Females may lay up to 7 eggs as many as five times during the season. No parental care is exhibited.

Size. Scincella lateralis is one of the smallest skink species in Texas, only growing to a total adult length of 7.5-12.5 cm (3-5 in).

Siren intermedia

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Siren intermedia

Common Name. Lesser Siren

General information. Nocturnal, Siren intermedia burrows into the silt and debris during the day. It feeds on crawfish, worms, and mollusks. The lesser siren covers its body with a protective mucus to prevent dehydration during dry periods. It makes a clicking sound when approached or surfacing for air, and squirms when captured.

Protected status. The Lesser Siren, outside of south Texas, is is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license. The population in south Texas is listed as “South Texas Siren (large form), Siren sp. 1” by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is considered a threatened taxon by TPWD and is fully protected by the state.

Diagnostic features. Eel-like body. Relatively large head with small, lidless eyes. Two reduced limbs anterior to the large external gills. Three pairs of gill slits. Finned, vertically compressed tail. 34-38 costal grooves.

Coloration. Olive to dark gray or brown dorsum with tiny black spots. Ventral surface is dark with tiny light-colored spots.

General distribution. In North America, Siren intermedia is found in the Mississippi Valley east to Alabama and west to Texas.

Texas distribution. The one subspecies of Siren intermedia found in Texas, Siren intermedia, is found in the eastern third of the state from the lower Rio Grande Valley northward along the Gulf Coast to Louisiana.

Habitat. Siren intermedia prefers warm, shallow waters with vegetative cover, such as those in ponds, ditches, and swamps.

Reproduction. Breeding in Siren intermedia takes place in late winter. Soon after, up to 200 eggs are laid in shallow water.

Size. Siren intermedia can reach an adult total length of 37.5-40 cm (15-16 in). The south Texas form can grow much larger, between 50-57.5 cm (20-23 in).

Sistrurus miliarius

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific name. Sistrurus miliarius

Common Name. Pygmy Rattlesnake

General information. All rattlesnakes are venomous, and therefore potentially dangerous if approached or handled. Rattlesnakes are not generally aggressive and will most likely flee if given a chance to retreat. Because it is such a small snake, prey includes various insects and arthropods, as well as small mice and lizards. Sistrurus miliarius is nocturnal, feeding and moving almost entirely at night, spending the days under logs, rocks, or within piles of leaves. In certain parts of their range, such as areas in Florida, S. miliarius can be the most common snake species found.

Protected status. The Pygmy Rattlesnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Undivided anal scale. Dorsal scales extremely keeled, in rows of 21 near midbody Short tail with a tiny rattle

Coloration. Body has a light grey dorsal background Rust-colored vertebral stripe that contrasts strongly with the background, however, the vertebral stripe may be absent in some individuals Series of small, dark, irregular vertebral blotches that run the length of the body; blotches are often wider than they are long, and consequently they form a series of crossbands as opposed to blotches Also may be one to two rows of dark spots arranged laterally Belly is frequently mottled.

General distribution. There are three subspecies of Sistrurus miliarius, which range from Texas, Oklahoma, and Missouri eastward to the Carolinas and Florida. In Texas, only one of these subspecies, S. miliarius streckeri, the Western Pygmy Rattlesnake, is present.

Texas distribution. Sistrurus miliarius is present in the woodlands and pines found only in the extreme eastern portions of the state.

Habitat. The woodlands of east Texas make up the habitat of S. miliarius, with standing or running water being frequently found nearby.

Reproduction. Sistrurus miliarius are viviparous, giving birth to live young in August and September. The neonates are very small when born, typically measuring between 13-18 cm (5-7 in) in length.

Size. Adults measure between 38-51 cm (15-20 in); record length is 64 cm (25 in).

Sistrurus tergeminus

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Scientific name. Sistrurus tergeminus

Common Name. Western Massasauga

General information. Rattlesnakes are not generally aggressive and will likely flee if given a chance. They are of course venomous, and should be treated with great respect. Able to eat a wide variety of vertebrate prey, S. catenatus takes advantage of locally available food items such as mice, birds, lizards, toads, and even other snakes. Generally nocturnal animals, massasaugas can often be seen above ground following spring and summer rain storms.

Protected status. The Western Massasauga is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Undivided anal scale Keeled scales in 25 dorsal scale rows in most Texas populations

Coloration. Body has grey or tan dorsal background color Brown vertebral blotches that run the length of the body contrast sharply with the background color Vertebral blotches are closely spaced together and do not flatten into bands on the tail, as seen in Crotalus scutulatus and C. viridis An additional three rows of brown spots found laterally along the length of the body, however, the third or ventralmost series can be difficult to distinguish from the background Prominent chocolate colored stripe that runs through the eye and above the corner of the mouth; this dark ocular stripe has a thin, bright white line below it.

General distribution. The geographical range of Sisturus tergeminus is a patchy and which stretches across the United States and Canada. With its western extreme in southeastern Arizona, the massasauga is found through many of the midwestern states and is present as far east as portions of New York and adjacent Canada. Small, peripheral populations can also be found in northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. Sistrurus tergeminus is present in northern portions of the Trans-Pecos and the Permian Basin region, through the remaining vestiges of prairie along the Gulf Coast, central Texas, and the eastern Panhandle and into south Texas.

Habitat. The habitat of S. t. tergeminus ranges from flat grasslands to low rocky hillsides, whereas S. t. edwardsii is restricted to the low, flat grasslands.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs in the spring, with an average of eight live young born during the summer months of July and August. The neonates measure between 18-23 cm (7-9 in), and often have a pinkish belly.

Size. Large adults up to 66 cm (26 in); record length for S. t. tergeminus is more than 88 cm (34 in), whereas record length for S. t. edwardsii is only 54 cm (21 in).

Smilisca baudinii

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Scientific name. Smilisca baudinii

Common Name. Mexican Treefrog

General information. Smilisca baudinii is nocturnal, seeking shelter under loose tree bark or in damp soil during the heat of the day.

Protected status. The Mexican Treefrog is considered a threatened species by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is fully protected by the state.

Diagnostic features. Large treefrog with smooth skin and large toe pads Body forms ‘V’ shape when at rest

Coloration. Dorsal coloration varies from green, gray, yellow, or dark brown Individual may change colors to match background Light spot under eyes and at base of forelimbs Dark patch from snout to eardrum to shoulder.

General distribution. In North America, Smilisca baudinii is found along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and inland from South Texas into northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Smilisca baudinii is restricted to the extreme southern tip of the state in Cameron and Hidalgo Counties.

Habitat. Smilisca baudinii prefers sub-humid regions and is seen near streams and in resacas. Smilisca baudinii takes shelter underground, under tree bark, or between the sheaths of banana trees during hot or dry times.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs all year in Smilisca baudinii, but coincident with rainfall.

Size. Smilisca baudinii reaches an adult size between 5-7 cm (2-2.75 in).

Calls.

Sonora semiannulata

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Scientific name. Sonora semiannulata

Common Name. Western Groundsnake

General information. Not usually seen during the day, the non-venomous Sonora semiannulata is not a threat to humans when handled, never attempting to bite. These small snakes are voracious predators though, feeding on invertebrates such as scorpions, centipedes and spiders. As a result of their prey moving at night, these snakes also are active at night, seeking daytime refuge under rocks and boards. In certain areas of their eastern range in Texas (the juniper-oak woodlands of the hill country, they can be found in groups underneath objects. This grouping behavior is not seen in many species of snakes in Texas.

Protected status. The Western Groundsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. All S. semiannulata have between 13 and 15 smooth dorsal scale rows at midbody, with the middle of each scale tending to be more darkly colored than the rest of the scale. Anal plate is divided; loreal scale does not contact the eye; either six or seven supralabial scales

Coloration. One of the most variable patterned snakes in the state Some snakes may be a dull brown, while others may be entirely orange or red. Other individuals of S. semiannulata may have stripes running the length of the body, others may have a series of crossbands, whereas others may lack stripes and crossbars completely. Still others may have a dark collar around their neck, or a black cap on their head, or their stripes may be red, orange or black. The variety of color patterns seen in the pictures on this page do not encompass all of the forms, but they do show many of the commonly seen patterns. The ventral surface is free of any pigment, save the underside of the tail which may have crossbanding.

General distribution. The range of Sonora semiannulata is from central Texas and Kansas, west to California and Nevada; populations of S. semiannulata also extend into northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Sonora semiannulata is found throughout most of Texas, exclusive of the moister eastern quarter of the state.

Habitat. Sonora semiannulata is typically a small snake commonly found under rocks, logs, debris piles, or crossing roads at night in the western two thirds of the state of Texas.

Reproduction. This snake species lays eggs, averaging 4 eggs per clutch, with an incubation time of under two months. The juveniles measure 7.5-11.5 cm (3-4.5 in) upon hatching.

Size. Adult Sonora semiannulata are typically small 21.5-30.5 cm (8.5-12 in) though certain individuals may reach 42 cm (16.5 in).

Spea bombifrons

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Scientific name. Spea bombifrons

Common Name. Plains Spadefoot

General information. Spea bombifrons is nocturnal, but is rarely seen without rain. It burrows deeply underground backwards using its hind feet.

Protected status. The Plains Spadefoot is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Stout toad with prominent boss between eyes (absent in S. multiplicata) Vertical pupils Hind limbs have webbed toes and single, wedge-shaped tubercle, or spade on inner surface (sickle-shaped in Scaphiopus)

Coloration. Dorsal coloration varies from gray to brown, sometimes with four vague light-stripes running length of dorsum. Dark pigment may surround red or yellow warts on dorsum. White ventral surface.

General distribution. In North America, Spea bombifrons is found from Canada south through the Great Plains into northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Spea bombifrons is found in the Panhandle and the western tip of the state; a disjunct population is also present in far south Texas.

Habitat. Spea bombifrons makes its home in arid regions with loose soil, grasslands, and cultivated fields.

Reproduction. Breeding in Spea bombifrons takes place from May to August following strong rains. Eggs hatch within 48 hours and the tadpoles develop quickly into small toadlets, sometimes in less than two weeks.

Size. Spea bombifrons grows to an adult size of 4-7 cm (1.5-2.5 in).

Calls.

Spea multiplicata

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Scientific name. Spea multiplicata

Common Name. Western Spadefoot

General information. Spea multiplicata is nocturnal, but is rarely seen without rain. It burrows deeply underground backwards using its hind feet.

Protected status. The Western Spadefoot is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Stout toad with NO boss between eyes (present in S. bombifrons) Vertical pupils Hind limbs have single, wedge-shaped tubercle, or spade on inner surface (sickle-shaped in Scaphiopus)

Coloration. Dorsal color varies from gray to brown, may also be green or almost black with orange or yellow tipped warts on back Four vague light-stripes may run length of dorsum. Ventral surface white or cream-colored.

General distribution. In North America, Spea multiplicata is found in the southwest United States and central Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Spea multiplicata is found in west Texas and the Panhandle.

Habitat. Spea multiplicata prefers arid regions with loose, sandy soil, grasslands, and cultivated fields.

Reproduction. Breeding in Spea multiplicata occurs from January to August with rain. Eggs hatch within 48 hours and the tadpoles develop quickly in young toadlets in less than 14 days.

Size. Spea multiplicata reaches an adult size between 4-7 cm (1.5-2.5 in).

Calls.

Sternotherus carinatus

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Scientific name. Sternotherus carinatus

Common Name. Razor-backed Musk Turtle

General information. Primarily a diurnal species, the Razor-backed Musk Turtle is active during the morning and late afternoon, avoiding the heat of the day by retreating to cool water. This turtle species also basks on rocks and logs. Omnivorous, the razor-backed musk turtle feeds on insects, crustaceans, mollusks, amphibians, carrion, and aquatic vegetation.

Protected status. The Razor-backed Musk Turtle is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Carapace with prominent medial keel and slight serrated posterior edge Vertebral scutes overlap. Plastron small with 10 scutes and a single undistinct hinge. Pectoral scutes rectangular. Chin with two barbels. Jaws tan with dark streaks. Webbed feet.

Coloration. Carapace brown to orange with dark borders (especially on posterior edge of scutes) Plastron yellow with no dark pigment. Skin brown to gray or pinkish, often with dark spots.

General distribution. In the United States, the distribution of Sternotherus carinatus is found across eastern Texas, northern Louisiana, southern Oklahoma and Arkansas, as well as populations in Mississippi.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Sternotherus carinatus is only present in the wetter regions in the northeastern quarter of the state.

Habitat. The Razor-backed Musk Turtles are found in bodies of slow moving water, including swamps, rivers, and streams.

Reproduction. Nesting is likely May through June with females laying a single clutch of eggs (average 5) per year. Incubation is 110-120 days.

Size. Sternotherus carinatus reaches an adult length of 17.5 cm (7 in).

Sternotherus odoratus

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Scientific name. Sternotherus odoratus

Common Name. Eastern Musk Turtle

General information. Different than the other mud and musk turtles, Eastern Musk Turtles are primarily nocturnal, spending most of the daylight hours inactive on the bottom. Because of their nocturnal habit, they are not frequent baskers; without basking, many turtles, including stinkpots, have large growths of algae and many leeches. Not particularly picky with its diet, the omnivorous stinkpot feeds on insects, earthworms, snails, crabs, fish, tadpoles, algae, and carrion.

Protected status. The Eastern Musk Turtle is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Carapace with high arch but no vertebral keel (present in juveniles) and no posterior serrated edge Vertebral scutes do not overlap. Plastron small with 11 scutes and a single undistinct hinge. Pectoral scutes rectangular. Barbels on chin and neck. Jaws tan with dark streaks. Webbed feet.

Coloration. Carapace brown to black with dark spots in juveniles and unmarked in adults Plastron yellow to brown with no dark pigment. Skin black to gray. Two prominent light stripes on either side of the head and neck.

General distribution. In the United States, the distribution of Sternotherus odoratus is widespread across the southeastern United States.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Sternotherus odoratus is present in the central and east portions of the state.

Habitat. Eastern Musk Turtles are found in slow moving bodies of water with muddy bottoms: lakes, swamps, rivers, and streams.

Reproduction. Nesting is April through July. Females lay an average of 4 or 5 eggs, often in communal nests that may contain eggs from three or four other females. Eastern Musk Turtles can lay up to 4 clutches of eggs per year. Incubation is 65-85 days.

Size. Sternotherus odoratus reaches an adult length of 13.5 cm (5.5 in).

Map. Map is based on museum voucher specimens; last updated 12 November 2014.

Storeria dekayi

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Scientific name. Storeria dekayi

Common Name. Dekay’s Brownsnake

General information. Inhabiting moister habitats, Storeria dekayi is able to find and feed on insect and annelid prey, including insect larvae. Annecdotal accounts mention S. dekayi being found in open lots and fields in urban settings, though persistant pesticide use has eradicated most of these populations. Non-venomous, S. dekayi will not bite when picked up, but it may flatten its neck in a threat display.

Protected status. Dekay’s Brownsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Keeled dorsal scales, arranged in 17 rows at midbody Divided anal plate.

Coloration. Light tan middorsal stripe running the length of the body. Middorsal stripe is three scale rows wide and is in contrast to darker background color, which may range from red to brown to dark tan. Yellowish or pink ventral scale surface is usually unmarked with pigment, save a row of black spots along ventral and dorsal scale junction. There are two recognized subspecies of S. dekayi found in Texas.

General distribution. Storeria dekayi is found throughout most of the eastern half of the U.S., with additional populations extending south along the Atlantic coast of Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Storeria dekayi is found through most of the state, save the drier regions, such as the Panhandle and the Trans-Pecos.

Habitat. Storeria dekayi favors moist habitats, preferably under objects such as tin, wood and stones, or in habitats favoring moisture, such as canyons and bottom lands.

Reproduction. Storeria dekayi is a live bearing snake, with mating occurring in the early spring and young born from June to August. The newly born juvenile snakes measure 7-11 cm (3-4.5 in) have pale collars around their necks, causing them to resemble ringneck snakes for a short period of their lives.

Size. Adult Storeria dekayi typically measure 24-30.5 cm (9.5-12 in) in length,

Storeria occipitomaculata

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Scientific name. Storeria occipitomaculata

Common Name. Red-bellied Snake

General information. In the moist habitats where the Red-bellied Snake is found, there generally are many slugs and worms that make up the majority of its prey. Storeria occipitomaculata is non-venomous and poses no danger to humans handling it. It does have a remarkable bluff against would-be predators in that it plays dead, rolling onto its back and flattening portions of its body, feigning injury.

Protected status. The Red-bellied Snake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Divided anal plate Keeled dorsal scales in 15 rows at midbody.

Coloration. Belly is typically red, though some populations have orange or yellow bellies instead of red No black markings on its belly. Dorsum is a plain brown or reddish brown, with a few individuals having a series of four faint dark stripes. Narrow dark stripes may occasionally be reduced to a series of dark spots. Often three light colored spots along the nape of the neck, with the spots being fused together as a collar in some individuals. Additionally, there is a white spot found on the upper labials below the eye, for which the species name occipitomaculata is named.

General distribution. Storeria occipitomaculata is found across much of the eastern portions of the U.S., including the Midwestern states which drain into the Mississippi River valley.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Storeria occipitomaculata found in Texas, S. o. obscura, is restricted to the piney woods along the extreme eastern edge of the state.

Habitat. The distribution of Storeria occipitomaculata is spotty in Texas, found only in the wetter woody areas in the eastern part of the state.

Reproduction. A live bearing snake, Storeria occipitomaculata bears up to 23 snakes per litter between the months of June and September, with the young usually measuring 6-10 cm (2.5-4 in).

Size. Adult Storeria occipitomaculata are relatively small snakes, typically measuring 20-25.5 cm (8-10 in) in length.

Tantilla atriceps

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Scientific name. Tantilla atriceps

Common Name. Mexican Black-headed Snake

General information. Not much is known about the natural history of Tantilla atriceps. It does feed upon centipedes and other insects, being immune to the venom produced by the centipedes. Tantilla atriceps is not considered a danger to humans.

Protected status. The Mexican Black-headed Snake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Smooth dorsal scales (15 rows at midbody) Divided anal plate Seven supralabials. First set of infralabials often contact each other under the chin

Coloration. Typical blackhead snake in that the only dark pigmentation found on its tan dorsal surface is a black cap on its head which extends as far as one or two scales back behind the parietals Posterior edge of the black cap is slighly convex or straight and does not extend down to the corner of the mouth. Some specimens may even have a light colored line separating the back of the cap from the rest of the body Ventral surface is red or pink.

General distribution. The U.S. range of Tantilla atriceps is restricted to two counties (Kleburg and Duval) in south Texas. In Mexico, it is found from central Coahuila south to San Luis Potosi, with isolated populations found in Tamaulipas.

Texas distribution. Tantilla atriceps is restricted to Kleburg and Duval Counties

Habitat. Tantilla atriceps prefers habitats which are moist, seeking refuge under boards and stones and is found in mountain canyons and desert washes, habitats which have a preponderance of moist refuges.

Reproduction. Tantilla atriceps is an egg layer, though nothing is known about its reproductive natural history.

Size. Tantilla atriceps is a thin snake, being no thicker than a pencil, with adult lengths ranging between 12.5-20 cm (5-8 in).

Tantilla cucullata

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Scientific name. Tantilla cucullata

Common Name. Trans-Pecos Black-headed Snake

General information. Being an infrequently seen snake in Texas, the natural history of Tantilla cucullata is not well known. Many of the handful of individuals collected were captured on summer nights following rainstorms. They are known to consume prey similar to that of the other Tantilla, accepting both centipedes and a variety of insects in captivity. It is a shy animal and considered not to be a threat to humans, though a large T. cucullata would be capable of biting a human.

Protected status. In Texas, T. cucullata is listed as threatened by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (listed as T. rubra diabola and T. rubra cucullata) and are afforded full protection from collection by the state.

Diagnostic features. There are no scalation differences between the two pattern types as both types have fifteen smooth dorsal scale rows at midbody and a divided anal plate.

Coloration. Tan dorsal surface All-white belly is in contrast with the other species of Tantilla found in Texas Black cap on top of head. There are two distinct patterns associated with the black cap in T. cucullata. In both pattern types, the posterior edge of the black cap of T. cucullata extends at least five dorsal scale rows behind the parietal scales, as well extends below the corner of the mouth. In fact, the infralabial scales are generally entirely black. One pattern type lacks any type of white coloration around the black cap Second pattern type consists of a white collar encircling the neck, separating the black cap of the head from the black coloration extending back from the nape of the neck. Also associated with this second pattern type are white spots found below and behind the eye, as well as occasional white spots found ont the snout.

General distribution. Tantilla cucullata has a restricted range, being only found in the U.S. in the state of Texas, specifically in the Big Bend and the eastern portion of the Trans-Pecos near Del Rio. Populations in adjacent areas of Mexico have yet to be described.

Texas distribution. NA

Habitat. Tantilla cucullata is found in the limestone hills of the Chihuahuan Desert, where the snake is presumed to seek refuge in the many cracks and crevices which affords it protection.

Reproduction. Little is known regarding the reproductive biology of these snakes, other than that they are egg layers, with a report of a clutch of three eggs being deposited in June. Nothing is known about the juveniles hatching time or size.

Size. Tantilla cucullata is one of the largest Tantilla found in the U.S., generally reaching lengths of 20-43 cm (8-17 in).

Tantilla gracilis

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Scientific name. Tantilla gracilis

Common Name. Flat-headed Snake

General information. Tantilla gracilis feeds on arthropods, including centipedes, which also take advantage of the high moisture in such habitats. Tantilla gracilis is not a threat to humans who handle it, and captive snakes will often shove their heads into the folds of a captors hands looking for advantages to escape.

Protected status. The Flat-headed Snake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Smooth dorsal scales (in rows of 15 at midbody) Six supralabials Divided anal plate.

Coloration. Usually without a black cap on top of its head Tan or brown dorsal surface uninteruppted by dark pigment. Ventral surface is red or pink, which may actually be present on the supralabial and temporal scales on the head. Coloration of the head is generally darker than the rest of the body with certain individuals actually having a black cap present, though the cap does not contrast with the rest of the dorsum as strongly as seen in other species of Tantilla. The posterior edge of the black cap in T. gracilis is concave and does not extend below the corner of the mouth.

General distribution. The range of Tantilla gracilis extends from the lower Rio Grande valley northward to Kansas and Missouri.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Tantilla gracilis is found throughout the central and eastern portions of the state, including a few isolated populations in the Panhandle.

Habitat. A common inhabitant of many gardens and urban areas, Tantilla gracilis is also found in piles of rocks and leaves in a variety of habitats; the common theme of these habitats is a high moisture content.

Reproduction. Flat-headed Snakes are egg layers, laying clutches of one to four eggs in the late spring with young snakes hatching in the summer, measuring 7.5-9 cm (3-3.5 in) in length.

Size. Tantilla gracilis is a smallish snake, with adults growing to 18-20 cm (7-8 in).

Map. Map is based on museum voucher specimens. Last updated 24 October 2013.

Tantilla hobartsmithi

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Scientific name. Tantilla hobartsmithi

Common Name. Smith’s Black-headed Snake

General information. Tantilla hobartsmithi consumes many different types of arthropod prey, preferring insect larvae, centipedes and millipedes. Not a danger to humans, T. hobartsmithi can be safely handled.

Protected status. The Smith’s Black-headed Snake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Smooth scales (in rows of 15 at midbody) Divided anal plate Seven supralabials First pair of infralabial scales do not touch each other on the underside of the chin.

Coloration. Brown or tan dorsal color Reddish or pink belly Underside of head and throat often grey in color. Black cap on top of its head that extends only as far back as the first, occasionally second, dorsal scale row behind the parietal scales on the head. A light colored line usually separates the posterior edge of the cap from the rest of the body. Posterior edge of the cap is also straight, or slightly convex, and does not extend below the corner of the mouth.

General distribution. Tantilla hobartsmithi is found in various portions of the southwestern U.S., with discontinous populations found in California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. Additional isolated populations are also present in parts of northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Tantilla hobartsmithi is found in throughout most of the Trans-Pecos region as well as portions of the Edwards Plateau.

Habitat. The Smith’s Black-headed Snake is found in a variety of open habitats, ranging from the desert flatlands to forested mountain sides. It is usually associated with water and is often found when flipping boards, logs or stones, where the moisture is more likely to persist than elsewhere.

Reproduction. An egg layer, Tantilla hobartsmithi lays clutches of as many as three eggs during the month of June. Little is known about the juvenile snakes regarding their hatching dates or sizes.

Size. Adult Tantilla hobartsmithi typically measure 18-23 cm (7-9 in).

Tantilla nigriceps

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Scientific name. Tantilla nigriceps

Common Name. Plains Black-headed Snake

General information. Tantilla nigriceps is an efficient predator of arthopods, specializing in the consumption of centipedes and spiders. It is also immune to the venom produced by centipedes, which is undoubtably injected into the snake during the centipede’s capture and subsequent ingestion by the snake. It is harmless to humans and can be handled safely by people.

Protected status. The Plains Black-headed Snake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Seven supralabials Smooth dorsal scales (15 rows at midbody) Divided anal plate.

Coloration. Tan (sometimes brown or grey) dorsal background Reddish midventral coloration Black cap on top of head that extends to a point two to five dorsal scale rows behind the head; this cap does not extend below the corner of the mouth.

General distribution. The range of Tantilla nigriceps includes much of Texas and portions of New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska and Arizona. Portions of its range also extend into northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Tantilla nigriceps found in Texas, T. n. nigriceps, is present across the western two-thirds of the state.

Habitat. The Plains Black-headed Snake prefers microhabitats which can retain high levels of moisture, such as under stones, logs, and other piles of debris; it is found in a variety of macrohabitats, ranging from the grasslands to the deserts, but are only seen when the appropriate areas of higher moisture are present. Its nocturnal habits, however, make it infrequently seen in the open, with most sightings of the snake occurring under rocks and logs.

Reproduction. Tantilla nigriceps is an egg-layer, like other Tantilla species, with eggs laid in the the early part of the summer after breeding takes place during late April and May. The young hatch in the later portions of the summer.

Size. Tantilla nigriceps is small, reaching lengths of 18-35.5 cm (7-14 in) upon maturity, though in Texas, it is one of the largest members of the genus Tantilla.

Terrapene carolina

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Scientific name. Terrapene carolina

Common Name. Eastern Box Turtle

General information. The Eastern Box Turtle may bask earlier in the morning and in the afternoon, avoiding the heat of the day by retreating to burrows or shelters under logs or vegetation. Primarily a terrestrial turtle, this species can even be found wading in water or mud to escape the heat. Truly a omnivorous species, this box turtle eats vegetable matter (fruits, roots, and seeds) as well as animal matter (many smaller vertebrates as well as insects and earthworms).

Protected status. The Eastern Box Turtle is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. High-domed carapace, not serrated posteriorly Three toes on rear feet. Transverse hinge across plastron. Upper jaw with downturned “beak” without notch. Vertebral keel (without dorsal projections) on vertebral scutes 2-4.

Coloration. Carapace tan, brown, or olive Obscure pattern of radiating stripes on scutes, with dark seams. Plastron dark brown or tan; plastron with or without pattern and/or radiating lines. Skin brown or black with spots or streaks of yellow, orange, or red on limbs and head. Males may have entirely red heads; Adult males commonly with red iris and females with yellow or brown iris.

General distribution. In North America, Terrapene carolina is found in much of the eastern half of the United States, from Texas to Florida, and as far north as Maine.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the single subspecies of Terrapene carolina, T. c. triunguis, is found across the eastern third of the state, but can be found as far west as Kimble and McCulloch counties.

Habitat. The Eastern Box Turtle is commonly found across throughout open woodlands as well as grasslands and meadows.

Reproduction. Nesting occurs May through July, with females laying an average of 4 to 5 eggs per clutch. Females may lay up to 5 clutches per year. Incubation is 70-80 days.

Size. The carapace length of an adult Terrapene carolina typically measures between 11-13 cm (4.5-5 in).

Terrapene ornata

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Scientific name. Terrapene ornata

Common Name. Ornate Box Turtle

General information. A diurnal species, the Ornate Box Turtle spends its day alternating between basking, feeding, and seeking shelter from the heat of the day. Shelter may be burrows in sandy soils or under fallen vegetation. In the western half of Texas, activity is often increased following summer rains and thunderstorms. Insects make up the majority of the diet in ornate box turtles. This species is also known to eat carrion, bird eggs, small vertebrates and even fruit.

Protected status. The Ornate Box Turtle is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. High-domed carapace, not serrated posteriorly Four toes on rear feet. Transverse hinge across plastron. Upper jaw with downturned “beak” without notch.

Coloration. Carapace dark brown or reddish brown often with yellow middorsal stripe Conspicuous pattern of radiating yellow stripes on scutes, with dark seams. Plastron dark brown or tan; plastron with pattern of radiating lines. Skin brown with spots of yellow on limbs and head. Tail can have yellow stripe. Head can be greenish. Adult males with red iris; females with yellow-brown iris.

General distribution. In North America, Terrapene ornata is present across the south-central portion of the United States, and includes populations in Arizona, New Mexico and northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the two subspecies of Terrapene ornata, T. c. ornata and T. o. luteola, are found throughout most of the state, with T. o. luteola restricted to far west Texas.

Habitat. This box turtle species is generally restricted to the prairies devoid of trees and dominated by grass and low shrubs.

Reproduction. Nesting occurs in the late spring and summer. Clutch sizes range from 2-8 and two clutches may be laid each year. Incubation averages around 80 days.

Size. The carapace length of an adult Terrapene ornata typically measures between 10-13 cm (4-5 in).

Thamnophis cyrtopsis

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Scientific name. Thamnophis cyrtopsis

Common Name. Black-necked Gartersnake

General information. In these warmer habitats, Thamnophis cyrtopsis is nocturnal or crepuscular, becoming diurnal in the spring, or during the fall as the day length shortens. Amphibians and fish make up the majority of the diet of these non-venomous snakes. Thamnophis cyrtopsis is also quick to make use of its scent glands if disturbed, but generally will not bite unless seriously molested. Thamnophis cyrtopsis is known for flattening its body in an attempt to look larger.

Protected status. The Black-necked Gartersnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Undivided anal plate Keeled dorsal scales in 19 rows near midbody

Coloration. Called the “black-necked gartersnake” for black blotches found behind jaws; a yellow vertebral stripe separates these neck blotches. Vertebral stripe may be a shade of orange near the head. Two additional white lateral stripes are positioned over the second and third dorsal scale rows. Dorsal ground color is generally olive; head color is gray. Two rows of alternating blotches are found between the lateral and vertebral stripes. Series of alternating spots is found along the first dorsal scale row. Belly is greenish white and without pigmentation. There are two recognized subspecies of Thamnophis cyrtopsis with their distinction based on slight pattern differences.

General distribution. Thamnophis cyrtopsis is present in the southwestern U.S., found in Arizona, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. Large populations are also present throughout much of northern Mexico, as far south as San Luis Potosi.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Thamnophis cyrtopsis is restricted to the wetter portions of the Trans-Pecos and Edwards Plateau.

Habitat. The habitats of the black-necked gartersnake range from the dry deserts to forested mountains, yet some form of water can almost always be found nearby. Even in around desert springs, miles from any other water source, Thamnophis cyrtopsis can be present in surprising high numbers.

Reproduction. Thamnophis cyrtopsis is viviparous, as are the rest of the garter snakes. As many as 25 young may be born in a single litter, measuring between 20-25.5 cm (8-10 in), making their first appearance in the late summer.

Size. Adult Thamnophis cyrtopsis may grow to 40.5-71 cm [16-28 in] in length.

Thamnophis marcianus

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Scientific name. Thamnophis marcianus

Common Name. Checkered Gartersnake

General information. A non-venomous snake, Thamnophis marcianus will often bite would-be captors, leaving only superficial bite marks. Another important defensive mechanism of the checkered garter snake is the habit of defecating foul-smelling liquids upon aggressors. The checkered gartersnake feeds on fish, various amphibians and earthworms. Some individuals have been seen eating carrion from the roadway.

Protected status. The Checkered Gartersnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Anal plate undivided Keeled dorsal scales in rows of no more than 21 near midbody.

Coloration. Dark checkerboard pattern found running entire length of body. Checkerboard blotches are on an olive background and even overlap a light colored middorsal stripe. Two additional two white or yellow lateral stripes are found along the second and third dorsal scale rows (near the head, this stripe is found only on the third scale row). Dorsal surface below lateral stripe may be a lighter shade of green or grey, lighter than the upper dorsal surface. Two yellow or white crescents present directly behind the corner of the mouth, with a large black blotch placed behind each crescent. Belly is mostly without dark markings, except for blotches along the lateral edges of the ventrals.

General distribution. Thamnophis marcianus is found portions of six southwestern U.S. states: California, Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas; Thamnophis marcianus also has an extensive range through portions of northern and east-central Mexico.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Thamnophis marcianus present in Texas, T. m. marcianus, occurs across much of the state, being more prevalent in the southern portions of the state, but entirely absent in the eastern quarter of the state

Habitat. Found in a variety of habitats, Thamnophis marcianus is usually not far from a water source, whether it be a pond, stream or irrigation canal, though the nearby water source is not always visible above ground.

Reproduction. As garter snakes are viviparous, young Checkered Gartersnakes are born live throughout the summer months. As many as 18 neonates may be born at one time, with most measuring around 20 cm (8 in).

Size. Thamnophis marcianus adults rarely measure more than 61 cm (24 in) in length, though the record size is over 107 cm (42.5 in).

Thamnophis proximus

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Scientific name. Thamnophis proximus

Common Name. Western Ribbonsnake

General information. Foods consumed by ribbonsnakes are primarily amphibians, with tadpoles eaten when available and frogs and toads taken year round. Fish and lizards are also known as potential prey items. Active at dusk and dawn during the spring and fall seasons, T. proximus is can be entirely nocturnal in hot habitats during the summer months. Although it is listed as a non-venomous snake, the saliva of T. proximus has been reported to have toxic properties, though few human envenomations have been reported. It is not thought to be dangerous to humans, and will not bite unless provoked.

Protected status. The Western Ribbonsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Keeled dorsal scales in 19 rows at midbody Undivided anal plate.

Coloration. Sharply defined longitudinal stripes: a vertebral stripe and two lateral, light colored stripes placed on the third and fourth scale rows Absence of checkerboard blotches seen in many other species of Thamnophis Absence of pigmentation outlining white supralabials. Body shape is particularly slender when compared to other species of Thamnophis. Elongated tail is much longer than other congeners There are four recognized subspecies of T. proximus found in Texas, all of whose definitions differ in the coloration of their stripes as well as their background color. Adding to the confusion, these four subspecies all readily interbreed, and consequently distinct boundaries for the ranges of the subspecies are impossible to define with intergradation seen between all four taxa.

General distribution. Thamnophis proximus is seen throughout many of the south central United States, and ranges well through Mexico, along the Atlantic versant, reaching as far south as Costa Rica.

Texas distribution. The range of the four subspecies of Thamnophis proximus covers the majority of Texas, only being absent from portions of the western Trans-Pecos and Panhandle.

Habitat. The range of the four subspecies of Thamnophis proximus is widespread over Texas. Western Ribbonsnake are found in a wide variety of habitats including Chihuahuan desert, coastal marshes, south Texas thornscrub, and north Texas woodlands. The unifying factor of all these habitats is the nearby availability of water, whether in the form of ponds, streams, or swamps

Reproduction. Thamnophis proximus is viviparous, as are all Thamnophis, giving birth to live young in July and August. Litter sizes can be as great as 25 snakes, with each neonate measuring between 23-30.5 cm (9-12 in).

Size. Thamnophis proximus is one of the largest gartersnakes in Texas with adults measuring between 51-76 cm (20-30 in) in length, with exceptional individuals measuring over 91.5 cm (36 in).

Thamnophis radix

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Scientific name. Thamnophis radix

Common Name. Plains Gartersnake

General information. Thamnophis radix is a non-venomous snake, and will not bite unless provoked and handled. It feeds on frogs, insects, earthworms and mice. The snakes themselves are often prey for hawks. In certain areas of its range, T. radix is the most common snake, yet in Texas, it is infrequently encountered.

Protected status. The Plains Gartersnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Keeled dorsal scales, in a maximum 21 rows near midbody Undivided anal plate.

Coloration. Pattern of dark dorsal blotches, distributed in a checkerboard manner Series of three dorsal stripes that run the length of the body; one of these stripes is found middorsally and is not obscured by any of the black dorsal blotches. The lateral stripes are placed on the third and fourth dorsal scale rows, with blotches present above and below the lateral stripe. Brown or green background color, with a row of dark blotches along each side of the belly. White labial scales are outlined with dark pigment.

General distribution. Thamnophis radix is found throughout much of the midwestern U.S., as well as portions of northern Canada.

Texas distribution. Texas is at the southern limits of the distribution of Thamnophis radix; a single subspecies, T. r. haydeni, is found only in the extreme northern portions of the Panhandle.

Habitat. Thamnophis radix lives in the lowland prairies and associated habitats near and around water.

Reproduction. Breeding takes place in the fall, with the young Thamnophis radix born the following summer. When born, as many as 60 young snakes (an unsubstantiated record lists 92) may emerge from their mother during the late summer months. The neonate snakes are no more than 19 cm (7.5 in) in length.

Size. Adult lengths of Thamnophis radix average 38-71 cm (15-28 in).

Thamnophis sirtalis

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Scientific name. Thamnophis sirtalis

Common Name. Common Gartersnake

General information. The generalistic feeder (and non-venomous) Thamnophis sirtalis eats whatever appropriately sized prey it can find. Adults primarily eat amphibians, fish and insects, with juvenile T. sirtalis eating a greater proportion of earthworms and insects than do adults. Birds, mammals, and mollusks are also taken as prey items.

Protected status. The Common Gartersnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Keeled dorsal scales in 19 rows near midbody Undivided anal plate

Coloration. White supralabials outlined with black pigment There are four subspecies in Texas, united together by having varying amounts of red or orange pigmentation found between or on the dorsal scales.

General distribution. Thamnophis sirtalis is found across much of the U.S. and southern Canada, with additional populations extending into parts of northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, all four subspecies of Thamnophis sirtalis are uncommonly encountered, with populations scattered along the upper Gulf Coast, central and north-central Texas, the Red River Valley, and the eastern edges of the Panhandle. Thamnophis s. dorsalis is historically known only from the El Paso area in far west Texas, though individuals have not been found in years.

Habitat. Found primarily in lowland habitats in Texas, Thamnophis sirtalis lives in areas with standing or running water, but can also be seen in open or edge habitats.

Reproduction. During the summer and fall, females Thamnophis sirtalis give live birth to an average of 26 young snakes, each of whom measure between 13-23 cm (5-9 in).

Size. Adult Thamnophis sirtalis measure between 46-71 cm (18-28 in) in length.

Trachemys gaigeae

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Scientific name. Trachemys gaigeae

Common Name. Mexican Plateau Slider

General information. Little is known about the natural history of this species. Likely a basking turtle maintaining a vegetarian diet.

Protected status. The Mexican Plateau Slider is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Weakly keeled, oval carapace with slightly serrated posterior Unhinged plastron. Upper jaw medially notched. Webbed feet. Males without elongated toenails on forelimbs.

Coloration. Carapace olive-brown with intricate pattern of orange lines on the pleural and vertebral scutes Plastron white, orange, or light green. Center of plastron with dark pigment formed by lines along transverse seams. Skin is light green or brown. Forelegs with yellow stripes; rear legs with vertical stripes. Oval orange (or red) spot bordered by black behind eye, not touching orbit. Lateral stripes on neck broken into small spots or ovals. Chin with medial stripe.

General distribution. In North America, Trachemys gaigeae is found only in the Rio Grande river from southern New Mexico to the Big Bend of Texas.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Trachemys gaigeae , is restricted to the Rio Grande in the vicinity of Big Bend (along the Presidio, Brewster, and Terrell county borders), as well as that portion of the river near the Hudspeth/Culberson/Presidio county lines and northern El Paso County.

Habitat. The Mexican Plateau Slider is found in pools and slow-moving portions of the Rio Grande River. May also be found in cattle tanks adjacent to the Rio Grande.

Reproduction. Little is known about reproduction in this species. Likely clutch sizes of 6-11 eggs.

Size. Adult Trachemys gaigeae reach carapace lengths of 12.5-20 cm (5-8 in).

Trachemys scripta

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Scientific name. Trachemys scripta

Common Name. Pond Slider

General information. The Pond Slider, or Red-eared Slider, is a basking turtle common across most the state. This species frequently moves between bodies of water after large rains. Some can be found over a mile from the nearest body of water. Omnivorous, pond sliders eat everything from vegetation, to arthropods, mollusks, and small vertebrates.

Protected status. The Pond Slider is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Carapace oval and weakly keeled with slight posterior serrations Unhinged plastron. Upper jaw medially notched. Webbed feet. Males without elongated toenails on forelimbs.

Coloration. Carapace olive-brown with varying pattern of yellow and orange lines on the pleural and vertebral scutes; pattern can be reticulate or simple, with stripes and bars to ocelli Plastron yellow that may have a single blotch on each anterior scute. Skin is light green or brown. Conspicuous head and neck markings; wide red postorbital oval blotch bordered by black pigment contacting rear of eye. Yellow arrow on top of head formed by stripe across snout and supratemporal stripes. Limbs with narrow yellow stripes. Narrow chin stripes; medial stripe forming V shape on neck. Males become melanistic with age.

General distribution. In North America, Trachemys scripta is found across most the eastern half of the United States, save New England and the Florida peninsula.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies in Texas, Trachemys s. elegans, is native across most the eastern three-quarters of the state.

Habitat. The Pond Slider is most at home in lakes, ponds, or slow-moving rivers with lots of available basking sites and aquatic vegetation.

Reproduction. Nesting occurs between April and July. Females lay 2-23 eggs per clutch and may lay as many as five clutches per year. Incubation is 60-80 days.

Size. Trachemys scripta reach average carapace lengths of 20 cm (8 in) in males and 28 cm (11 in) in females.

Trimorphodon vilkinsonii

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Scientific name. Trimorphodon vilkinsonii

Common Name. Chihuahuan Lyresnake

General information. Almost strictly a nocturnal species, the Chihuahuan Lyresnake searches rock burrows and crevices for small mice, bats, and sleeping lizards. This species is rear-fanged and possesses venom used to immobilize its prey. Despite the presence of venom, this species is not considered dangerous to humans; rarely will lyresnakes even attempt to bite when handled.

Protected status. The Chihuahuan Lyresnake is listed as threatened by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is protected in the state of Texas.

Diagnostic features. 23 rows of smooth dorsal scales at midbody Anal scale divided Only snake in Texas with lorilabial scale, present between loreal and upper labial scales Elliptical pupils

Coloration. Dorsal color gray Brown crossbands, averaging 21 on trunk, are saddle-shaped with light colored center Interspace distance typically twice width of crossbands Row of dark spots at dorsal/ventral scale contact Top of head with series of 1-3 brown spots or, rarely, incomplete V-shaped lyre.

General distribution. In the United States, the distribution of Trimorphodon vilkinsonii is found across southern New Mexico, far west Texas (through Big Bend) and in Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Trimorphodon vilkinsonii is present along the Rio Grande from El Paso to Big Bend; individuals may be found some 50 miles from the river.

Habitat. The Chihuahuan Lyresnake is generally restricted to rocky habitats, particularly along hillsides and mountain slopes.

Reproduction. Little is known about reproduction in this species. Females likely lay eggs in early summer (single known clutch size is 6). Incubation around 75 days. Hatchlings measure 21.5 cm (8.5 in).

Size. Trimorphodon vilkinsonii typically measure 46-76 cm (18-30 in) as adults; record length is 104 cm (41 in).

Tropidoclonion lineatum

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Scientific name. Tropidoclonion lineatum

Common Name. Lined Snake

General information. A non-venomous snake, Tropidoclonion lineatum will not bite humans, nor harm them, though it may put on an impressive threat display complete with a flattening of its head. Generally nocturnal, these snakes are active from late March to November and commonly feed on earthworms, sow bugs, in addition to a wide variety of insects.

Protected status. The Lined Snake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Undivided anal plate Keeled dorsal scales (19 rows near midbody) Usually six supralabials The pointed head of T. lineatum, usually no wider than its neck, is used to burrow while searching for its insect and earthworm prey

Coloration. Dull olive green dorsal background color Thin middorsal line that may be yellow, white or orange. Additional lateral lines found on the second and third dorsal scale rows. Double row of dark half moons found on the white ventral surface is this species’s most identifiable characteristic.

General distribution. The scattered distribution of Tropidoclonion lineatum is from southern Minnesota and South Dakota to central Texas, with isolated populations present in New Mexico, Colorado and the Texas Panhandle.

Texas distribution. In Texas, Tropidoclonion lineatum is found throughout much of the central third of the state, along with a disjunct Panhandle population.

Habitat. The Lined Snake is a common inhabitant of prairies and pasture lands, often found seeking refuge under flat stones. They can also be found in relatively urban areas, such as fields and open lots, as well as under debris piles and city dumps. The main characteristic these different habitats share is the presence of high amounts of water in the soil.

Reproduction. A live bearing snake, Tropidoclonion lineatum deposits its litter of 4-10 snakes during mid-August. The young snakes measure 7-13 cm (3-5 in) when born.

Size. Adult Tropidoclonion lineatum typically grow to 20-38 cm (8-15 in) in length.

Urosaurus ornatus

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Scientific name. Urosaurus ornatus

Common Name. Ornate Tree Lizard

General information. This diurnal lizard is quick and wary. Urosaurus ornatus is well camouflaged on tree trunks and branches, but will climb higher to avoid being captured. This species forages in the mornings and late afternoons for insects.

Protected status. The Ornate Tree Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Single throat fold and two folds along each side of body. Series of enlarged dorsal scales down midline interspersed with small, tiny scales Two subspecies differentiated by size of enlarged dorsal scalesLong, slender tail

Coloration. Dorsal ground color gray to brown. Dorsal pattern consists of a mottled pattern of dark blotches and crossbars, some of which may be edged in light blue. Yellow or light orange gular. Males with two blue belly patches and blue patch or blue scales on orange throat.

General distribution. In North America, Urosaurus ornatus is found from Utah and Colorado, through the southwestern deserts into northern Mexico and along the Pacific Coast of Mexico.

Texas distribution. In Texas, the two subspecies of Urosaurus ornatus are found in central and west Texas.

Habitat. Urosaurus ornatus is an arboreal lizard, preferring trees, fallen limbs, rocks, and fence posts.

Reproduction. Large egg clutches are laid in the spring and summer. Two clutches of eggs (averaging 6 eggs/clutch) can be laid each year.

Size. Urosaurus ornatus reaches adult lengths of 10-15 cm (4-6 in), including tail length.

Uta stansburiana

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Scientific name. Uta stansburiana

Common Name. Common Side-blotched Lizard

General information. This diurnal lizard has a small territory. When threatened, Uta stansburiana will retreat to a crevice or animal burrow. This lizard species feeds on insects.

Protected status. The Common Side-blotched Lizard is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Small lizard with single throat fold Middorsal scales are large and keeled Long tail

Coloration. Dorsal ground color brown, perhaps with blue or orange. Dorsal pattern consists of blue flecks on dorsum and yellow or orange on the sides. A dark blue or black blotch appears on each side, posterior to the foreleg. Males with blue flecks and spots on dorsum and turquoise tail; females with pale spots with dark edges and little or no blue coloration.

General distribution. In North America, Uta stansburiana is found across most of the western U.S. and adjacent northern Mexico.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Uta stansburiana found in Texas, U. s. stejnegeri, is found in the western deserts and southern portions of the Panhandle.

Habitat. Uta stansburiana is seen in sandy, rocky arid and semi-arid environments; this terrestrial species may also be seen in desert flats.

Reproduction. Breeding occurs at anytime of year with favorable conditions. Small clutches are laid, averaging 3 to 4 eggs/clutch.

Size. Uta stansburiana can reach adult lengths, including tail, of 10-16 cm (4-6.5 in).

Virginia valeriae

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Scientific name. Virginia valeriae

Common Name. Smooth Earthsnake

General information. Though not a commonly seen snake throughout much of its range, Virginia valeriae can be locally abundant in some populations. It may be much more visible after cool rains, especially in the spring as well as in the early winter prior to its retreat its winter burrows. Though earthworms are thought to be the primary prey for V. valeriae, these snakes are also known to consume snails and insects as part of their diet. To find their prey, smooth earthsnakes will typically search the moist soils under rocks and logs, using their pointed snout to root around in the soil.

Protected status. The Smooth Earthsnake is not a protected species in Texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license.

Diagnostic features. Divided anal plate; smooth dorsal scales (in 17 rows near midbody), though scales near midline may be slightly keeled. Two small postoculars, a single loreal scale, and a pair of internasals

Coloration. Dorsal color typically brown or reddish brown Ventral scales are either white or yellow-white Some individuals may have a faint light stripe along the length of the middorsal line, whereas others may have thin pigmented lines found in many of the dorsal scales, giving an illusion of having keeled scales.

General distribution. Virginia valeriae is found in portions of northeast Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas east to the Atlantic Coast from New Jersey to Florida.

Texas distribution. The single subspecies of Virginia valeriae present in Texas, V. v. elegans, is found from the Austin and San Antonio areas northeastward towards Tyler and Longview.

Habitat. The Smooth Earthsnake is an infrequently seen snake present in much of the southeastern United States, inhabiting shady and moist woodlands and adjacent bottomlands and floodplains.

Reproduction. Virginia valeriae is a live-bearing species. Litters of between 5-10 snakes, measuring 6 cm (2.5 in), are typically seen in August and September.

Size. A relatively small snake, adult Virginia valeriae measure 17.5-25 cm (7-10 in).